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The human [[foreskin]] has numerous functions that protect against infection.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Fleiss |first= |init=PM |author-link=Paul M. Fleiss |last2=Hodges |first2= |init2=FM |author2-link=Frederick M. Hodges |last3=Van Howe |first3= |init3=RS |author3-link=Robert S. Van Howe |etal=no |title=Immunological Functions of the Human Prepuce. |trans-title= |language= |journal=Sex Trans Inf |location= |date=1998-10 |volume=74 |issue=5 |article= |page= |pages=364-7 |url=https://www.galdef.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Fleiss-Hodges-VanHowe-Immunol-SexTransInf-1998.pdf |archived= |quote= |pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI= |doi= |format=PDF |accessdate=2025-11-08}}</ref> <ref name="cold-taylor1999">{{ColdCJ TaylorJR 1999}}</ref> Infection is a well-known possible complication of circumcision. [[Circumcised]] males have an increased risk of infection due to the creation of an open wound and the loss of the protective functionsof the foreskin.==Informed consent==When American surgeons are seeking [[informed consent]] for the [[amputation]] of the [[foreskin]], they [[Informed_consent#Physician_behavior| customarily omit information]] about the [[immunological and protective function of the foreskin]], and which will be destroyed and will result in increased risk of infection, from the information provided to parents.==Infection myth==There is a myth prevalent and widely believed in the [[United States]] that the human [[foreskin]] is prone to infection. The myth is false and is caused by antiquated, incorrect medical information that was published decades ago. The 1945 government document advises the foreskin should be retracted, and the area washed, which provides an entryway for infection.<ref>{{REFbook |last=Anonymous |first= |init= |author-link= |year=1945 |title=Infant Care 1945 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435072797103&seq=7 |work= |editor=U.S. Children's Bureau |edition= |volume= |chapter=Chapter Six: Baths |scope= |page=33 |pages= |location= |publisher=Federal Security Agency |ISBN= |quote=In a boy the foreskin should be pushed up so the tip of the penis can be cleaned. This can be done by putting two fingers on the penis and pushing the foreskin away from the tip, much as you would work your finger intoa snug glove. Clean the part of the penis under the foreskin with cotton dipped in clear water or in oil. Then gently pull the foreskin back into place. The foreskin should never be left pushed up after cleaning. |accessdate=2025-12-18 |note=}}</ref> 

}}</ref> Circumcision is a surgical operation and [[amputation]] that creates an open surgical wound on the [[penis]]that is kept inside a feces-laden diaper. [[Rosemary Romberg]] (2021) described infection as a "fairly common complication."<ref name="romberg2021">{{REFbook

[[Robert S. Van Howe|Van Howe]] & Robson (2007) examined reports of three outbreaks of community-associated methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (CA-MRSA) in American maternity hospital nurseries. They found that boys, with 73 percent of the cases, are at greater risk due to the prevalence of non-therapeutic [[circumcision]]. The authors, observed that CA-MRSA can progress to bacteremia, osteomyelitis, pyelonephritis, perinephric abscess, lung abscess, empyema, [[shock]], and [[death]]. They suggested minimizing newborn circumcisions to reduce the risk of infection.<ref name="vanhowe2007">{{REFjournal