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The human [[foreskin]] has numerous functions that protect against infection.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Fleiss |first= |init=PM |author-link=Paul M. Fleiss |last2=Hodges |first2= |init2=FM |author2-link=F |last3=Van Howe |first3= |init3=RS |author3-link=Robert S. Van Howe |etal=no |title=Immunological Functions of the Human Prepuce. |trans-title= |language= |journal=Sex Trans Inf |location= |date=1998-10 |volume=74 |issue=5 |article= |page= |pages=364-7 |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/disease/STD/fleiss3/ |archived= |quote= |pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI= |doi= |accessdate=2025-11-08}}</ref> <ref name="cold-taylor1999">{{ColdCJ TaylorJR 1999}}</ref> Infection is a well-known possible complication of circumcision. [[Circumcised]] males have an increased risk of infection due to loss of the protective functions.
==Circumcision infection==
Neonatal [[circumcision]] is an elective, medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic [[amputation]] of the healthy [[foreskin]] that is done only after parents sign a [[circumcision consent form]]. It exposes an infant to surgical risks, but does not treat or prevent disease.<ref name="deacon2022">{{REFjournal