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→Reasons for circumcision: Wikify.
|DOI=10.2147/IJGM.S17875
|accessdate=2020-12-19
}}</ref> and recurrent [[balanitis| balanoposthitis]], and gangrene.
* Damaged foreskins — This includes any type of physical trauma and injury that is beyond surgical repair. Zipper injury does not require circumcision.<ref name="flowerdew1977">{{REFjournal
===Elective non-therapeutic circumcision===
Some adult males may seek non-therapeutic circumcision because of a conversion to [[Judaism]] or [[Islam]]. Others may simply want a circumcision because they like the physical appearance, or to fit into a society where most men are [[circumcised]], or for some personal whim.<ref name="holman1999">{{REFjournal
|last=Holman
|first=John R.
Boys are born with a [[foreskin]] that is non-retractable for reasons of protection. The inner surface is fused with the [[glans penis]] by a [[synechia]] (similar to a fingernail that is glued to the nail bed of the finger). Also the tip of the foreskin is too narrow to retract. As a boy gets older, the synechia disintegrates and releases the foreskin and the foreskin gets wider as a boy ages, so the foreskin gradually becomes [[Retraction of the foreskin| retractable]]. Some boys go through puberty but find that their [[foreskin]] is still too narrow to permit retraction.
Beaugé (1997) reported that boys, who masturbate by pulling their [[foreskin ]] away from the body, will not stretch the tight part of the foreskin so non-retractile foreskin will persist. He advised changing the method of [[masturbation]] to the more conventional method of pulling the foreskin toward the body so that the narrow orifice gets stretched.<ref name="beauge1997">{{REFjournal
|last=Beaugé
|init=Michel
|author-link= |last2= |init2= |author2-link=Michel Beaugé
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/phimosis/beauge2/
|title=The causes of adolescent phimosis
}}</ref>
The traditional way of addressing this issue was to consult a urologist and get a circumcision, however we now understand that in the vast majority of cases, manual [[stretching ]] over a few months will widen the foreskin by [[tissue expansion]], make the foreskin retractable and eliminate the need for a destructive circumcision.
==Methods of adult circumcision==