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'''Adolescent and adult circumcision''' is rare when compared to the millions upon millions of medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic [[Circumcision| circumcisions ]] of boys that are carried out in Islamic [[Islam]]ic nations, [[Israel]], the [[United States]], and elsewhere, however they are promoted by a [[medical trade association]] and its members. [[Rosemary Romberg]] commented on adult circumcision in the [[United States]]:<blockquote><i>In the United States doctors tend to consider the [[foreskin]] as something "dispensible."…It is difficult to ascertain the true percentage of actual need for adult circumcision among [[intact]] males. In a circumcision-oriented society such as ours many doctors prescribe the operation for conditions which could be resolved, often easily, without resort to surgery.…</i><ref>{{REFbook |last=Romberg |first=Rosemary |init= |author-link=Rosemary Romberg |year=2021 |title=Circumcision — The Painful Dilemma |url=https://circumcisionthepainfuldilemma.wordpress.com/ |work= |editor=[[Ulf Dunkel]] |edition=Second Edition, Revised |volume= |chapter=The Circumcision of an Adult |scope= |page=247 |pages= |location= |publisher=Kindle |ISBN=23: 979-8683021252 |quote= |accessdate=2023-08-31 |note=}}</ref></blockquote>

Male [[circumcision ]] is an ''elective '' surgical [[amputation]] of the [[foreskin]] part of the [[penis]]. Legally, the patient or his surrogate (proxy) must grant [[Informed consent| ''informed'' consent]] before the surgery can be performed. A surrogate's powers are limited to granting consent for medically-indicated and necessary diagnosis and treatment of existing disease.<ref name="myers2020">{{REFjournal |last=Myers |first= |init=A |author-link=Alex Myers |last2=Earp |first2= |init2=BD |author2-link=Brian D. Earp |etal=no |title=What is the best age to circumcise? A medical and ethical analysis |trans-title= |language= |journal= Bioethics |location= |date=2020 |volume=34 |issue=7 |pages=645-63 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Brian-Earp-2/publication/337720859_What_Is_the_Best_Age_to_Circumcise_A_Medical_and_Ethical_Analysis/links/5f815f61a6fdccfd7b555395/What-Is-the-Best-Age-to-Circumcise-A-Medical-and-Ethical-Analysis.pdf |quote=Based on a careful consideration of the relevant evidence, arguments and counterarguments, we conclude that medically unnecessary penile circumcision-like other medically unnecessary genital procedures, such as 'cosmetic' labiaplasty-should not be performed on individuals who are too young (or otherwise unable) to provide meaningful consent to the procedure. |pubmedID=32068898 |pubmedCID= |doi=10.1111/bioe.12714 |format=PDF |accessdate=2020-06-30}}</ref> The surgeon most provide all material information to the patient before [[informed consent]] can be granted. There is a strong tendency for the surgeon to omit telling the patient anything about the nature and [http://www.intactaus.org/information/functionsoftheforeskin/ functions of the foreskin],<ref name="masood2005">{{REFjournal |last=Masood |init=S |etal=yes |title=Penile sensitivity and sexual satisfaction after circumcision: are we informing men correctly? |journal=Urol Int |date=2005 |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=62-6 |url=https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/85930 |pubmedID=16037710 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1159/000085930 |accessdate=2023-04-08}}</ref> which would be lost through [[amputation]] if consent should be granted.

The surgeon most provide all material information to [[Issues_with_American_urologists_and_the_practice_of_male_circumcision| Urologic surgeons]] in the patient before [[informed consentUnited States]] can be granted. There is derive a strong tendency for substantial fee from the surgeon to omit telling the patient anything about the nature and performance of a [[http://www.intactaus.org/information/functionsoftheforeskin/ function of the foreskincircumcision]], which so some may have a [[bias]] in favor of circumcision and may inappropriately recommend adult circumcision to patients when a conservative treatment would be lost through satisfactory or even when no treatment is necessary. Patients should be wary and do their own research before granting consent for an <u>irreversible</u> [[amputationcircumcision]] if consent should be granted.

* Deformed foreskins — The common type of deformed foreskin is the narrow non-retractable foreskin of [[phimosis]]. Circumcision is was the traditional treatment for phimosis, however circumcision is less performed today because newer conservative treatments are now available that preserve the [[foreskin ]] and its many useful functions.

}}</ref> and recurrent [[balanitis| balanoposthitis]], and gangrene.

* Damaged foreskins — This includes any type of physical [[trauma ]] and injury that is beyond surgical repair. Zipper injury does not require circumcision.<ref name="flowerdew1977">{{REFjournal

Some adult males may seek non-therapeutic circumcision because of a conversion to [[Judaism]] or [[Islam]]. Others may simply want a circumcision because they like the physical appearance, or to fit into a society where most men are [[circumcised]], or for some personal whim.<ref name="holman1999">{{REFjournal

Beaugé (1997) reported that boys, who masturbate by pulling their [[foreskin ]] away from the body, will not stretch the tight part of the foreskin so non-retractile foreskin will persist. He advised changing the method of [[masturbation]] to the more conventional method of pulling the foreskin toward the body so that the narrow orifice gets stretched.<ref name="beauge1997">{{REFjournal

|author-link= |last2= |init2= |author2-link=Michel Beaugé

The traditional way of addressing this issue was to consult a urologist and get a circumcision, however we now understand that in the vast majority of cases, manual [[stretching ]] over a few months will widen the foreskin by [[tissue expansion]], make the foreskin retractable and eliminate the need for a destructive circumcision.

[[Dorsal slit]] is a cut on the top of the [[foreskin ]] to widen the operningopening, allowing the foreskin to retract and fall below the shaft of the [[penis]]. Dorsal slit does not cut around and does not remove tissue, so it is not a true circumcision. Dorsal slit is a first step in the circumcision of a phimotic foreskin by the sleeve technique.<ref name="holman1999" />

They recommended [[dorsal penile nerve block ]] or [[ring block ]] local anesthesia for the [[pain]] of circumcision surgery.

Specifically, the patient should be told about the risks of [[bleeding]], hematoma formation, [[infection]], inadvertent damage to the [[glans]], removal of too much or too little [[skin]], aesthetically unpleasing results , and a change of sensation during intercourse. The patient should also be informed that, during the postoperative period, [[erection]]s can cause pain and [[Wound dehiscence| disruption of the suture line ]] that may require replacement of the sutures. Full recovery following circumcision generally requires four to six weeks of abstinence from all genital stimulation and sexual activity.<ref name="holman1999" />

As with any surgical procedure, [[bleeding]] and [[infection ]] are probably the most common complications of circumcision in adult patients; however, accurate statistics are not available. Other complications include hematoma formation, diffuse swelling, pain from inadequate anesthesia, poor cosmesis, tearing of the sutures due to [[erection]] before healing is complete and anesthetic complications. Some patients may also note an unpleasant heightened sensitivity during intercourse. Infection can be treated with local or parenteral antibiotics, depending on the severity of the infection. [[Bleeding]] can be controlled with pressure, an absorbable gelatin sponge product (i.e., Gelfoam), electrocautery or ligatures. None of these techniques can be preferentially recommended based on differences in complication rate or severity.<ref name="holman1999" />

One may also expect pain when the sensitive [[glans penis]] is exposed to friction from clothing, etc. It is no longer protected by the [[foreskin]], so there is not much you one can do about it.

There is danger of [[infection]] until the [[circumcision]] wound heals closed.<ref name==Lymphoedema=="wang2023" />

===Lymphoedema===[[Lymphoedema]] of the [[penis ]] is a normal and expected [[complication ]] of male adult circumcision due to the adverse effect on blood circulation. Ferhatoglu et al. (2019) reported edema in 108 of 198 patients or 54.5 percent.<ref>{{REFjournal

The human [[foreskin ]] has long been noted for its high level of erogenous sensation. Winklemann (1959) early identified the foreskin as a ''specific erogenous zone''.<ref name="winklemann1959">{{REFjournal |last=Winkelmann |init=RK |author-link= |title=The erogenous zones: their nerve supply and significance |journal=Mayo Clin Proc |date=WinkelmannRK 1959-01-21 |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=39-47 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/winkelmann/ |quote= |pubmedID=13645790 |pubmedCID= |DOI= |accessdate=2021-06-04}}</ref> Falliers (1970) called attention to ''sensory pleasure'' induced by tactile stimulation of the foreskin, which is almost totally lost after its surgical removal.<ref>{{REFjournal

Denniston (2004) carried out a survey of 38 adult males who were [[circumcised ]] at least 2 years after they commenced sexual intercourse. Thirteen men felt that sexual intercourse was better after circumcision, but 22 felt that intercourse was worse and would not have the circumcision again, because of loss of sexual pleasure.<ref>{{REFjournal

Masood et al. (2005) suggested "before circumcision, men should be warned of the long-term consequences (penile sensations and effect on erectile function) as well as be talked through the more traditional subjects (peri-operative complications)."<ref name="masood2005">{{REFjournal |last=Masood |first= |init=S |author-link= |last2=Patel |first2= |init2=HRH |author2-link= |last3=Himpson |first3= |init3=RC |author3-link= |author9-link= |etal=yes |title=Penile sensitivity and sexual satisfaction after circumcision: Are we informing men correctly? |trans-title= |language= |journal=Urol Int |location= |date=2005 |volume=75 |issue=1 |article= |page= |pages=62-5 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/sex_function/masood1/ |pubmedID=16037710 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1159/000085930 |accessdate=2021-06-05}}</ref>

Kim & Pang (2007) studied the effect of adult circumcision on 138 males in [[South Korea]]. They concluded:<blockquote>There were no significant differences in sexual drive, [[erection]], [[ejaculation]], and ejaculation latency time between [[circumcised ]] and [[uncircumcised ]] men. Masturbatory pleasure decreased after circumcision in 48% of the respondents, while 8% reported increased pleasure. Masturbatory difficulty increased after circumcision in 63% of the respondents but was easier in 37%. About 6% answered that their sex lives improved, while 20% reported a worse sex life after circumcision.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Kim |first=DaiSik |init= |author-link= |last2=Pang |first2=Myung-Geol |init2= |author2-link= |etal=no |title=The effect of male circumcision on sexuality |trans-title= |language= |journal=BJU Int |location= |date=KimDS PangMG 2007-03 |volume=99 |issue=3 |article= |page=619-22 |pages= |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mg-Pang/publication/6643531_The_effect_of_male_circumcision_on_sexuality/links/5a13976a4585158aa3e63676/The-effect-of-male-circumcision-on-sexuality.pdf |pubmedID=17155977 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.06646.x |accessdate=}}</ref>

# The foreskin provides moisture and oil to the glans penis. After circumcision, the glans penis will become desiccated. Many [[circumcised]] men complain of dryness.# The foreskin has [[Immunological and protective function of the foreskin| immunological functions]] that protect from disease. [[Circumcised ]] populations have a higher incidence of [[HIV]] than [[intact ]] populations.<ref name="denniston2020">{{REFdocument

# Painful [[erection]]s may occur due to lack of sufficient [[skin]] to allow for expansion of the [[penis]].

# The exposed [[glans penis]] will protect itself from friction by developing a layer of [[keratin ]] and become cracked and hardened. The [[keratinization]] of the [[glans penis ]] will reduce its sensitivity.# There are possible [[Psychological issues of male circumcision| emotional issues]] secondary to a partial loss of the [[penis]] through circumcision.

Here are five videos in which [[regret men ]] who had an adult circumcision express their regret.

[[Tuli]] is a [[genital mutilation ]] rite of boys and adolescents practiced in the Philippine Islands.

====Medical circumcision====* {{REFwebREFjournal |urllast=http://www.circumstitions.com/Resent.htmlHolman |title=The tip of the iceberg: Men who resent being circumcised |lastfirst=Young |firstinit=HughJR

|publisherlast2=CircumstitionsStuessi |websitefirst2= |init2=KA |author2-link= |etal=no |title=Adult circumcision |trans-title= |language= |journal=American Family Physician |location= |date=1999-03-15 |season= |volume=59 |issue=6 |article= |accessdatepage=2020 |pages=1514-12-2918 |url=https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1999/0315/p1514.html |formatarchived=

|url=httphttps://15square.org.uk/losses-from-circumcision/ |title=Losses from Circumcision |last=Ball |first=Peter |publisher=15 Square |date=2003-08-09 |accessdate=2023-02-23}}* {{REFweb |url=https://wwwdavidlouis77.intactauswordpress.orgcom/2010/05/08/menadult-circumcision-my-experience-2-circumcisedyears-on/comment-aspage-adults4/#comment-24567 |title=Men Circumcised As AdultsAdult Circumcision: My experience two years on. |last=Louis |first=David |author-link= |publisher=Intact AustraliaDavidLouis77's Blog |website=wordpress.com |date=20172010-0305-0108 |accessdate=2020-12-29 |format= |quote=}}* {{REFweb |url=http://www.circumstitions.com/Resent.html |title=The tip of the iceberg: Men who resent being circumcised |last=Young |first=Hugh |author-link= |publisher=Circumstitions |website= |date= |accessdate=2020-12-2129

|url=httpshttp://davidlouis77www.wordpressintactaus.comorg/2010/05/08/adult-circumcision-my-experience-2-yearsmen-on/commentcircumcised-pageas-4adults/#comment-24567 |title=Adult Circumcision: My experience two years on. |last=Louis |first=David |author-link=Men Circumcised As Adults |publisher=DavidLouis77's Blog |website=wordpress.comIntact Australia |date=20102017-0503-0801 |accessdate=2020-12-2921

 * NSFW {{REFwebREFjournal |last=Remennick |first=Larissa |init=L |author-link= |etal=no |title=Joining the tribe: adult circumcision among immigrant men in Israel and its traumatic aftermath |trans-title= |language= |journal=Cult Health Sex |location= |date=2021-01-29 |volume=24 |issue=5 |article= |page= |pages=702-16 |url=httphttps://www.ulwalukotandfonline.cocom/doi/abs/10.1080/13691058.2021.1879272?journalCode=tchs20 |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=33512277 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.za1080/Complications13691058.html2021.1879272 |accessdate=2022-10-14}}* {{REFweb |url=https://intactamerica.org/adult-circumcision-cost/ |title=UlwalukoAdult Circumcision Cost: ComplicationsThe Profit Motives and Hidden Toll |last=Anonymous |first= |init= |publisher=Intact America |date=2024-03-07 |accessdate=20202024-1203-2110

* NSFW {{REFweb |url=http://www.ulwaluko.co.za/Photos.html |title=Ulwaluko: Photos |accessdate=2020-12-21=Traditional circumcision====}}* NSFW [[Ulwaluko]]