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The '''Adverse Childhood Experience Study''' originated with a questionnaire mailed 13,494 adults. The adverse childhood experiences (ACE) studied included psychological, physical, or sexual abuse; violence against mother; or living with household members who were substance abusers, mentally ill or suicidal, or ever imprisoned. The study revealed that ACEs are closely related to adult health problems.<ref name="felitti1998">{{REFjournal |last=Felitti |first= |init=VJ |author-link= |last2=Anda |first2= |init2=RF |author2-link= |last3=Nordenberg D |first3= |init3= |author3-link= |last4=Williamson |first4= |init4=DF |author4-link= |last5=Spitz |first5= |init5=AM |author5-link= |last6=Edwards |first6= |init6=V |author6-link= |last7=Koss |first7= |init7=MP |author7-link= |last8=Marks |first8= |init8=JS |author8-link= |title=Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study |trans-title= |language= |journal= Am J Prev Med |location= |date=1998-05 |season= |volume=14 |issue=4 |article= |page= |pages=245-58 |url= |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=9635069 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00017-8 |doi= |accessdate=2023-08-06}}</ref>
'''Adverse Childhood Experiences''' (ACEs) harm children's developing brains. They lead to changing how children respond to [http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/gunnar/ stress] and damaging their immune systems so profoundly that the effects show up decades later. ACEs cause much of our chronic disease burden, most mental illness, and are at the root of violence.