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[[File:Leibowitz.jpg|right|thumb|Arleen A. Leibowitz, {{PhD}}]]
'''Arleen A. Leibowitz''', {{PhD}}, is an economist and Professor Emeritus in the Department of Public Policy in the {{UNI|UCLA |UCLA}} School of Public Affairs and directs the Policy Core at the Center for [[HIV ]] Identification, Prevention and Treatment Services (CHIPTS).<ref name="profile">{{REFweb |url=http://publicaffairs.ucla.edu/arleen-leibowitz |title=Profile |last= |first= |date= |accessdate=2022-07-01}}</ref> She co-authored a study which advocated that all state Medicaid plans should cover infant male [[circumcision]].<ref name="editorial">{{REFweb
|quote=
|url=http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1352168
|title=Infant Male Circumcision and Future Health Disparities
|last=Leibowitz |first=Arleen |last2=Desmond |init2=K |author2-link=
|publisher=Archive of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
|website=
}}</ref>
== Population-based studies ==
{{Population-based studies}}
==Two African surveys==
The previously reported studies were from developed Western nations. Now we have information from Sub_Saharan Africa.
French scientist [[Michel Garenne]], Ph.D. has published two reports in 2022 comparing the incidence of HIV infection in [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men.
In his first report, Garenne presented the findings from a study in Lesotho, the enclave in South Africa. He reported:
<blockquote>
In couple studies, the effect of circumcision and VMMC on HIV was not significant, with similar transmission from female to male and male to female. The study questions the amount of effort and money spent on VMMC in Lesotho.<ref name="garenne2022A">{{REFjournal
|last=Garenne
|first=Michel
|init=M
|author-link=Michel Garenne
|title=Changing relationships between HIV prevalence and circumcision in Lesotho
|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35373731/
|date=2022-04-04
|journal=J Biosoc Sci
|volume=online ahead of print
|pages=1-16
|DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000153
|pubmedID=35373731
|accessdate=2022-11-02
}}</ref>
</blockquote>
In his second report, Garenne (2022) presented information from six Sub-Saharan African nations (Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe). He reported:
<blockquote>
"Results matched earlier observations made in South Africa that [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men had similar levels of HIV infection."<ref name="garenne2022B">{{REFjournal
|last=Garenne
|first=Michael
|init=M
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=Age-incidence and prevalence of HIV among intact and circumcised men: an analysis of PHIA surveys in Southern Africa
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=J Biosoc Sci
|location=
|date=2022-10-26
|season=
|volume=
|issue=
|article=
|page=
|pages=1-13
|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-biosocial-science/article/abs/ageincidence-and-prevalence-of-hiv-among-intact-and-circumcised-men-an-analysis-of-phia-surveys-in-southern-africa/CAA7E7BD5A9844F41C6B7CC3573B9E50
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=36286328
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000414
|accessdate=2022-11-02
}}</ref></blockquote>
{{ABBR}}
{{REF}}
[[Category:Promoter]]
[[Category:USA]]
[[Category:From CircLeaks]]