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Boyle & Hill (2011) have shown these coordinated RCTs to be have significant methodological flaws and statistical errors that render their claims invalid. Although a 60 percent ''relative'' reduction in [[HIV]] was claimed, the ''absolute'' reduction was a statistically insignificant 1.3 percent.<ref name="boyle-hill2011">{{BoyleGJ HillG 2011}}</ref>
==Population-based studies==
September 2021 saw the publication of two huge population studies on the relationship of circumcision and HIV infection:
# Mayan et al. (2021) carried out a massive empirical study of the male population of the province of Ontario, [[Canada]] (569,950 males), of whom 203,588 (35.7%) were circumcised between 1991 and 2017. The study concluded that circumcision status is not related to risk of HIV infection.<ref name="mayan2021">{{REFjournal
|last=Mayan
|first=Madhur
|init=M
|author-link=
|last2=Hamilton
|first2=Robert J.
|init2=RJ
|author2-link=
|last3=Juurlink
|first3=David N.
|init3=DN
|author3-link=
|last4=Austin
|first4=Peter C.
|init4=PC
|author4-link=
|last5=Jarvi
|first5=Keith A.
|init5=KA
|author5-link=
|etal=no
|title=Circumcision and Risk of HIV Among Males From Ontario, Canada
|journal=J Urol
|date=2021-09-23
|url=https://www.auajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1097/JU.0000000000002234
|quote=We found that circumcision was not independently associated with the risk of acquiring HIV among men from Ontario, Canada.
|pubmedID=34551593
|DOI=10.1097/JU.0000000000002234
|accessdate=2021-10-02
}}</ref>
# [[Morten Frisch]] & Jacob Simonsen (2021) carried out a large scale empirical population study in [[Denmark]] of 855,654 males regarding the alleged value of male circumcision in preventing HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in men. They found that circumcised men have a higher rate of STI and HIV infection overall than intact men.<ref name="frisch2021">{{FrischM SimonsenJ 2021}}</ref>
No association between circumcision status and risk of HIV infection was found.
{{PUB}}