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{{Construction Site}}'''Boldt v. Boldt''' is formally , framed as a child -custody case from originating in the state of Oregon, however it actually is about concerns the proposed non-therapeutic [[circumcision ]] of a boy, intended to indulge his father's religious urges.

The case started when James On Sunday, May 30, 2004, the mother, Russian-born Mrs. Lia Nikolaevna Boldt, a divorced fatherlearned from her son, who had custody of his nine-year-old sonMikhail James Boldt, known as Misha/Jimmy, that the custodial father, James Harlan Boldt, decided was planning on having him circumcised as part of the father's plan to convert the child from the Russian Orthodox faith to Judaism and wanted to have his son circumcised in accordance with the [[Abrahamic covenant]]Jewish faith. <ref>{{REFdocument The son, however, had not converted |title= Appelant's Brief and did not want to be circumcised. He was supported by his mother in his desire for genital integrity.Excerpt of Record |url= |contribution= |last=Patrick |first=Clayton |publisher= |format= |date=2005-08-10 |accessdate=}}</ref>

The case started in 2004 when James Boldt, a divorced father, who had custody of his nine-year-old son, decided to convert from Russian Orthodox to [[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)Judaism]] filed two ''amicus curiae'' briefs in this case and was successful wanted to have his son circumcised in protecting accordance with the boy's [[foreskinAbrahamic covenant]] from . The son, however, had not converted and did not want to be circumcised. He was supported by his mother in his desire for [[circumcisiongenital integrity]].<ref name="svoboda2010">{{REFweb |url=https://arclaw.org.customers.tigertech.net/wp-content/uploads/Svoboda-Three-Fourths-Were-Abnormal-Mishas-Case-Sick-Societies-and-the-Law-Denniston-Milos-Hodges-Genital-Autonomy-Protecting-Personal-Choice-2010.pdf |archived= |title=“Three-Fourths Were Abnormal”—Misha’s Case, Sick Societies, and the Law |trans-title= |language= |last=Svoboda |first=J. Steven |author-link=J. Steven Svoboda |publisher= |website=arclaw |date=2010 |accessdate=2020-04-23 |format= |quote=}}</ref>

* She then appealed to the [https://www.courts.oregon.gov/courts/appellate/supreme/Pages/default.aspx Oregon Supreme Court] (OSC) in 2007. It was at this point that [[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]] entered the case. [[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]] realized that the OSC needed information about circumcision and about the child's rights under Constitutional and international [[human rights]] law, so it filed an ''amicus curaie'' brief to help the Court understand why it should accept the case. The brief stated in part:<blockquote>Mikhail (Misha/Jimmy) James Boldt, (hereinafter ‘Misha/Jimmy’) is a minor who is legally incompetent. Nevertheless, Misha/Jimmy is a person with rights of his own. As a minor he deserves special protection under Oregon, and international law. Misha/Jimmy has an unalienable right to protection and security of his person, and the Courts of the State of Oregon have a corresponding obligation to protect his rights independent from and even despite the wishes of a parent who might endanger the child unnecessarily.<ref name="docbrief1">{{REFdocument

|publisher=[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision(D.O.C.)]]

}}</ref></blockquote>

* We remand the case to the trial court with instructions to resolve the factual issue whether M agrees or objects to the circumcision. In order to resolve that question, the trial court may choose to determine M's state of mind utilizing means available to it under the relevant provisions of ORS 107.425. If the trial court finds that M agrees to be circumcised, the court shall enter an order denying mother's motions. If, however, the trial court finds that M opposes the circumcision, it must then determine whether M's opposition to the circumcision will affect father's ability to properly care for M. And, if necessary, the trial court then can determine whether it is in M's best interests to retain the existing custody arrangement, whether other conditions should be imposed on father's continued custody of M, or change custody from father to mother.<ref name="osc2008">{{REFdocument |title=Boldt and Boldt, (CC No. 98-2318-D(3); CA A126175; SC S054714) |url= https://law.justia.com/cases/oregon/supreme-court/2008/s054714.html |contribution= |last= |first= |publisher=Oregon Supreme Court |format= |date=2008-01-25 |accessdate=2020-04-19}}</ref></blockquote> The father, James Boldt, then appealed the decision of the OSC to the [https://www.supremecourt.gov/ United States Supreme Court], however a writ of certiorari was denied.<ref>555 US 814. No. 07–1348. ''Boldt v. Boldt''. Sup. Ct. Ore. Certiorari de­nied. October 6, 2008. Reported below: 344 Ore. 1, 176 P. 3d 388. (2008).</ref> The case on remand was now in the Jackson County Circuit Court again. Judge Lisa Greif held a hearing on 22 April 2009. Misha/Jimmy testified in chambers "that he did NOT want to be circumcised, he did NOT want to convert to Judaism, was afraid of his father and wanted to live with his mother."<ref name="svoboda2010" /> <ref name="geisheker2009">{{REFweb

}}</ref> [[John V. Geisheker| John Geisheker]] commented:<blockquote>"Misha went home with his father the day of the final appearance before Judge Greif on April 22. No one knows what transpired later between the father and the son who had bravely defied him -at age 14- in the Judge's chambers, and before the many attendees at the hearing."</blockquote>The Court then issued a verbal order from the bench that the boy was not to be circumcised. The court then followed that with a written order on 2 June 2009, in which the court found that a substantial change of circumstances had occurred and ordered an investigation by an independent child custody evaluator for a future evidentiary hearing.<ref name="geisheker2009" /> In September 2009, facing a custody hearing he was likely to lose, the father voluntarily agreed to give up physical custody of Misha (now 14-years-old) to his mother with court approval. The stipulated custody order provides:<blockquote>1. Mother and Father shall have joint legal custody of the minor child.<br>2. The minor child shall have his primary residence with Mother according to the joint parenting plan attached herein as Exhibit 1.<ref>{{REFdocument |title=__Stipulated Supplemental Parenting Order |url= |contribution= |last=Grief |first=Lisa |publisher=Jackson County Circuit Court |format= |date=2009-09-29 |accessdate=}}</ref></blockquote>* The child’s proposed circumcision, at one point only hours away, remains judicially prohibited so the proposed circumcision was never carried out.<ref name="geisheker2010">{{REFnewsREFjournal |last=Geisheker |first=John V. |init=JV |author-link=John V. Geisheker |etal=no |title=Where is the voice of the man the child will become? |trans-title=Ask |language= |journal=J Clin Ethics |location= |date=2010-03 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=86-8 |url=https://pool.intactiwiki.org/images/2010-03_JCE21-1_Geisheker-1.pdf |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=20465080 |pubmedCID= |DOI= |accessdate=2020-04-23}}</ref> Thus ended in victory a five-year legal battle to save a boy's [[foreskin]]. The boy's legal, constitutional, and [[human rights]] prevailed over the father's claimed religious right to excise a [[Foreskin#Physiological_functions| functional body part]] from his son's body. The father's supporters, the American Jewish Congress, the American Jewish Committee, the Anti-Defamation League, and the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America were also on the losing side. [[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]] filed two ''amicus curiae'' briefs in this case and was successful in protecting the boy's [[foreskin]] from [[circumcision]].<ref name="docbrief1" /><ref name="docbrief2" /> The case also set a legal precedent regarding the rights of the male child to judicial protection of his person. ==Commentary on Boldt v. Boldt== There has been a fair amount of commentary on this case. Sherry F. Colb (2007) wrote:<blockquote>Though it is, in some respects, very unusual, this case nonetheless highlights a somewhat hidden and more widespread assumption embedded in our laws - that if a couple's mainstream religion requires them to inflict harm upon their child, then the law will not interfere with that prerogative. … In the ''Boldt'' case, the boy at issue is not a newborn but an adolescent, a 12-year-old, who not only has the self-evident capacity to feel pain but who could also offer his own opinion on the question of whether he should have his foreskin amputated. So far, we do not know from press accounts what the boy thinks about his father's plans, if although his mother claims that he wants is opposed yet reluctant to say so. Even assuming, however, that the 12-year-old is neutral on the question, the notion of subjecting a child his age to such a surgery would likely seem barbaric to many people. There is, after all, no medical need to circumcise the boy. His foreskin is, so far as we know, not plagued with any disease or other malignancy. No doctor has offered the medical opinion that the family really ought to circumcise the boy. The only reason to do it is that his father has found religion and wishes to bring his son into the faith. … It is when parents disagree with each other and ask the courts to step in that we are uniquely able to be circumcisedconsider some of the harm to which people expose their offspring. The ''Boldt'' case thus may, in this way, court sayshelp us focus on what is otherwise "routine" in parenting and perhaps become more sensitive to the sorts of harm that we might otherwise continue to take for granted.<ref name="colb2007">{{REFweb |url=httphttps://wwwsupreme.cnnfindlaw.com/2008/US/law/01/25legal-commentary/divorce-religion-and-circumcision.case/index-what-a-conflict-tells-us-about-parental-rights.html |archived= |title=Divorce, Religion, and Circumcision: What A Conflict Tells Us About Parental Rights |trans-title= |language= |last=Colb |first=Sherry F. |coauthorsauthor-link= |publisher=CNN |website=Findlaw |date=20082007-0111-2528 |accessdate=2020-04-1925 |format=

}}</ref>* </blockquote> The 2009 NOCIRC Annual Newsletter commented:<blockquote>The US Supreme Court in October turned down a father’s petition in '' Boldt v Boldt''. The boy’s father, who converted to [[Judaism]] and wants his son circumcised, was unhappy with the decision of the Oregon Supreme Court to determine the wishes of the child, and appealed to the US Supreme Court, alleging the child’s wishes are irrelevant. Fortunately, the right of the boy was paramount in the court’s decision.<ref>{{REFweb |url=http://www.nocirc.org/publish/2009nocirc_newsletter.pdf |title=2009 NOCIRC Annual Newsletter |last=Milos |first=Marilyn |accessdate=2020-04-25}}</ref></blockquote> Douglas Diekema (2009), a pediatric medical ethicist, commented:<blockquote>The fact that Jimmy's father had sole custody does not eliminate the mother's ethical right and obligation to look after the welfare of her son. While the mother may not have legal decision-making authority, that legal determination does not appear to be related either to a lack of interest in her son's welfare or an inability to carry out that role. Jimmy is her son, and she has an interest in seeing his welfare protected. Whether or not she has legal rights, I would be very reluctant to perform an elective procedure for cultural or religious reasons without the permission of both parents and the unambiguous assent of Jimmy himself. Neither appears to be present in the case as it presented to the courts.<ref name="diekema2009">{{REFjournal

|accessdate=2020-04-1925}}</ref></blockquote> John Geisheker (2010) observed:<blockquote>The child’s testimony showed courage and took a risk that he would be ignored, as children too often are. Because it would have been far easier for Misha to accede to his custodial father’s wishes than to defy him in public, perhaps it can be assumed his testimony was truthful. Indeed, the child returned home with his father that day.  None of the amicus groups that supported the father’s legal position all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court — and back to Oregon — appeared at the hearing on 22 April 2009 to hear the child's actual “voice” (nor did they express any written sympathy for the plight of the child throughout the proceedings. …* {{REFjournalIn closing: children who are welcomed, gently, into their birth communities have been given the gift of Joel Feinberg’s “open future.” They may embrace their community or they may eventually drift away; there is no way to tell, in advance, what they will choose. But, importantly, their options are left open, and none of their body parts will have been surgically modified or removed — without their consent — prior to |lastthe moment when we will be able to hear the voices of the adults they will become.<ref name="geisheker2010" /></blockquote> J. Steven Svoboda (2010) commented:<blockquote>Geishekernotes that the Court mentioned only the child’s right to be heard, but did not recognize its paramount duty to protect him. Misha’s case is a sad commentary upon American life and constitutional principles. ''Boldt v. Boldt'' eloquently demonstrates that in the US, at least, the law to date has not been able to effectively grapple with such a heavily contextual and cultural practice as male circumcision.  To date, with one known exception, all awards and settlements have occurred in cases involving either a “botched” procedure or a lack of [[informed consent]]. At least three times, courts have avoided squarely addressing the legality of male circumcision by diverting the discussion into such peripheral, procedural issues as standing. Judicial views of standing are politically and culturally shaped in response to social mandates. Although MGC is currently illegal under existing laws and [[human rights]] treaties, if properly and objectively interpreted free of cultural bias, American cultural blindness has prevented recognition of this. Elsewhere in the world, Tasmania’s Law Review Commission recently released a lengthy issues paper questioning the legality of male circumcision. Sweden has regulated circumcision and the practice was recently made illegal in South Africa, with religious and medical exceptions included that threaten to swallow the rule. While the practice is not otherwise explicitly prohibited anywhere in the world, it is of course illegal worldwide under a broad range of prohibitions imposed by statute, common or civil law, [[human rights]] treaties, and customary law.<ref name="svoboda2010" /></blockquote>  |British law professors Marie Fox and Michael Thompson examine ''Boldt v. Boldt'' in comparison with British legal decisions:<blockquote>On two occasions the Court of Appeal in England has addressed the legality of non-therapeutic circumcision performed on a minor unable to provide consent. Both cases involved disputes in post-separation families where one parent sought a male child’s circumcision against the wishes of the other parent. In January 2008, the Supreme Court of Oregon was faced with a similar factual situation in the case of ''Boldt v Boldt''. However, the boy at the center of the dispute in ''Boldt'' was significantly older than in the English cases. The Supreme Court therefore concluded that the testimony of the boy himself, who is now 13, was required and remanded the case for a re-hearing in order that the trial court could specifically address his wishes with regard to circumcision. In this paper, we offer a critique of the Oregon Court’s somewhat elliptical reasoning in the Boldt case. We argue that cases involving male circumcision of older children raise important ethico-legal issues, which the ''Boldt'' judgments gloss over, and which English courts have yet to confront in the context of circumcision. Consequently, our aim in this paper is to use ''Boldt'' as a lens through which to explore and inform UK practice. We argue that this case fits into a characteristic pattern according to which judges, law makers, and professional bodies shy away from confronting key ethico-legal questions raised by the tolerance in Anglo-American society of non-therapeutic genital cutting of male infants. In raising explicitly for the first time the position of older minors, the factual situation in ''Boldt'' affords us an opportunity to begin to address the limits of parents’ rights to determine the future religious identity of their children. In seeking to analyze how ''Boldt'' and the questions to which it gives rise might inform UK law we focus on three issues. The firstis the right of the boy at the center of the dispute to determine which medical treatments or interventions to his body are permissible. The father’s subsequent petitions for reconsideration and for certiorari mean that, when the boy’s testimony is finally heard by a court, it is likely that he will be 14 or 15 years of age. We aim to assess how a UK court might respond if faced with the task of determining whether a minor could choose circumcision for himself in such a scenario. A subsidiary question here is the extent to which circumcision procedures are appropriately categorized as “medical treatment.” Finally, we offer some more tentative thoughts on what limits may legitimately be placed on [[parental rights]] to make choices for their children when their choices are motivated by religious belief.<ref name=John V."fox2010">{{REFweb |author-url=https://link=John V. Geishekerspringer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-90-481-9446-9_2 |etalarchived=no |title=Where is Older Minors and Circumcision: Questioning the voice Limits of the man the child will become? Defending the child's right to an open futureReligious Actions

|journallast=Fox |first=Marie |author-link= |publisher=Springer |website=springer.com |date=2010-08-20 |accessdate=2020-04-27 |format= |quote=}}</ref></blockquote> ==Sequelae== * {{REFbook |year=2010 |title=Genital Autonomy — Protecting Personal Choice |url=https://epdf.pub/genital-autonomy-protecting-personal-choice.html |work= |editors=[[George C. Denniston]], [[Frederick M. Hodges]], [[Marilyn Fayre Milos]] |edition= |volume= |chapter= |pages=J Clin Ethics

|datepublisher=2010-03Springer |volumeisbn=21 |issue=1 |pages=86978-90-481-9446-88 |url=http://www.circinfo.org/DOC_Boldt_case.html |archived=9

|pubmedIDaccessdate=2020-04-26 |note=}} * The [[Twelfth International Symposium]] on Law, Genital Autonomy, and Human Rights, meeting at Helsinki, adopted the [[Declaration of Helsinki (2012)]], which calls for everyone to have a ''right of [[genital autonomy]]''.  * The Parliamentary Assembly of the [[Council of Europe Debate Genital Cutting Of Boys| Council of Europe]], under the leadership of [[Marlene Rupprecht]], adopted [http://www.circumstitions.com/Rights.html#coe Resolution 1952] (2013) which calls for all member-states to protect children from violation of their physical integrity by [[circumcision]].  {{SEEALSO}}* [[Schmidt vs. Niznik]]* [[Human rights]] * [[Cologne circumcision court judgment]] (7 May 2012)* [[United States of America]]{{LINKS}}* {{REFweb |url=http://www.nocirc.org/legal/bonner2.php |title=Circumcision: The Legal and Constitutional Issues |last=Bonner |first=Charles A. |author-link=Charles A. Bonner |publisher= |website=nocirc |date=1991-04-30 |accessdate=2020-05-27}}* {{REFjournal |last=Dwyer |first=James |init=J |author-link= |title=Parents' Religion and Children's Welfare: Debunking the Doctrine of Parents' Rights |journal=California Law Review |date=1994-12 |volume=82 |issue=6 |pages=1371-1447 |url=https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1167&context=facpubs |accessdate=2020-05-01}}* {{REFjournal |last=Dwyer |first=James |init=J |author-link= |title=20465080The Children We Abandon: Religious Exemption to Child Welfare and Education Laws as Denials of Equal Protection to Children of Religious Objectors (Extract) |pubmedCIDjournal=North Carolina Law Review |DOIdate=1996-06 |volume=74 |issue= |pages=1321 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/dwyer/ |accessdate=2020-0405-1901

* {{REFdocumentREFnews |title=Boldt and BoldtAsk boy, (CC No. 98-2318-D(3); CA A126175; SC S054714)12, if he wants to be circumcised, court says |url= httpshttp://lawwww.justiacnn.com/cases2008/US/law/oregon01/supreme-court25/2008circumcision.case/s054714index.html |contribution=

|coauthors= |publisher=Oregon Supreme CourtCNN |formatwebsite=