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'''Cervical cancer''' is caused by the Human Papilloma Virus, also known as HPV. Circumcision advocates often use HPV as a scare tactic, asserting that circumcision prevents, or "reduces" its transmission. Like all other diseases that circumcision is supposed to prevent, however, the best "evidence" that is offered is statistical analyses of carefully selected data. There is, as of yet no established mechanism whereby circumcision prevents, or reduces the transmission of HPV.
== Cause of cervical cancer ==
Cervical cancer is caused by infection with certain types of the [[human papillomavirus]], or HPV. While other factors such as the oral contraceptive pill, smoking, a woman's immune system and the presence of other infections also seem to play a part, a woman has to have been infected with certain 'high-risk' HPV types before cervical cancer can develop.<ref name="ho1998">{{REFjournal
|last=Ho
== Human Papillomavirus (HPV) ==
Human papillomavirus, or HPV, is a common virus that affects both females and males. There are more than 100 types of the virus. In fact, certain types of HPV cause common warts on the hands and feet. Most types of HPV are harmless, do not cause any symptoms, and go away on their own. About 40 types of HPV are known as genital HPV as they affect the genital area. More than 50% of people (males and females) will be infected with at least one type of genital HPV at some time.
Genital HPV infection is not something to feel embarrassed or ashamed about. It is very common and most often goes away without any ill effects. It could almost be considered a normal part of being a healthy sexually active woman.
== Research contradictions ==
Castellsagué ''et al.'' found in 2002 that "HPV was present in 19.6% of uncircumcised men and 5.5% of circumcised men. Men who had had 6 or more sexual partners also had an increased risk of infection. After adjustment for confounding variables, circumcision remained associated with less frequent HPV infection."<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Castellsagué
|first=Xavier
|etal=yes
|title=Male circumcision, penile human papillomavirus infection, and cervical cancer in female partners
|journal=N Engl J Med
|date=2020-04-11
|volume=346
|pages=1105-1112
}}</ref> The same Castellsagué found in 2014, that circumcision was practically useless for HPV prevention.<ref>{{REFweb
|last=Frisch
|first=Morten
|author-link=Morten Frisch
|publisher=Circumstitions News
|url=https://circumstitionsnews.blogspot.com/2014/02/brazil-mexico-usa-circumcision-does-not.html
|title=BRAZIL, MEXICO, USA: Circumcision does not protect against HPV
|date=2014-02-18
|accessdate=2020-07-08
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Ginesa
|first=Alberto
|last2=Castellsagué
|first2=Xavier
|etal=yes
|url=https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2334-14-75
|title=Male circumcision and the incidence and clearance of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in men: the HPV Infection in men (HIM) cohort study
|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases
|volume=14
|issue=75
|date=2014
|accessdate=2020-07-08
}}</ref>
== HPV vaccines ==
There are already two HPV vaccines available. HPV vaccine is administered to girls before their sexual debut.