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wikify Jakob Øster
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/blalock1/
|accessdate=2019-11-07
}}</ref>, 2.9% of those circumcised develop a post-operative [[phimosis]], in which the circumcision scar constricts. In intact patients, the rate of [[phimosis]] is only 1% (see also the study by [[Jakob Øster above]]). Therefore, circumcision is not a preventive measure for [[phimosis]].
* Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): a vast number of studies has been conducted on the subject of transmission of STDs.
* First, it has to be noted that any form of protection against these diseases only affects people who are sexually active. Circumcision in childhood cannot be justified on these grounds, since any assumed protective effect will not occur before the boy is already old enough to decide about circumcision for himself.