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===Financial reasons===
In the United States, payment for non-therapeutic circumcision is made by most [[third -party payment| third-party payers]] without question. Doctors frequently perform medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic circumcision of infants and children simply to collect a fee for the surgical operation. The only beneficiary of such surgery is the [[Financial Incentive| bank account of the medical doctor]].
=== Moral reasons ===
Many cultures perform circumcision as a rite of passage into manhood. This is common in the Middle East and amongst some indigenous African and Southeast Asian peoples.
The United States and Israel are the only industrialized countries in the world to have a high incidence of routine non-therapeutic infant male circumcision. The vast majority of infant circumcisions performed in the United States are for non-religious, non-medical reasons. See [[History of circumcision]].
===Religious===
== Complications ==
=== Pain ===
In the past, advocates of circumcision claimed that a newborn child's nerve system was not yet fully developed, and that as a result, the child felt no pain during the circumcision procedure. Research has Anand & Hickey (1987) have shown that newborn children do in fact feel pain, and more acutely than adults. <ref name="anand-hickey1987">{{REFjournal |last=Anand |first= |author-link= |last2=Hickey |first2= |author2-link= |etal=no |title=Pain and its effects in the human neonate and fetus |trans-title= |language= |journal=New Engl J Med |location= |date=1987-11-19 |volume=317 |issue=21 |pages=1321-9 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/anand/ |quote= |pubmedID=3317037 |pubmedCID= |DOI= |accessdate=2019-11-08}}</ref> This has led American health associations to recommend doctors take measures to reduce the pain of circumcision in infants.
The [[Position Statements on Infant Circumcision|AAP Circumcision Policy Statement]] states quite clearly that ''"There is considerable evidence that newborns who are circumcised without analgesia experience pain and physiologic stress"''. Furthermore, the pain is quite severe, and requires injections for proper pain management. Sucrose and Acetaminophen ''"cannot be recommend recommended as the sole method of analgesia"''. Topical cream is no longer thought sufficient as ''"the analgesic effect is limited during the phases associated with extensive tissue trauma such as...tightening of the clamp"''.<ref>{{REFjournal
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