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"Male '''circumcision''' (from Latin ''circumcidere'', meaning "to cut around") is the surgical removal of the [[foreskin]] (prepuce) part of the human [[penis]]. The foreskin comprises ''more than fifty percent'' of the epithelium of the penis.<ref name="taylor1996">{{REFjournal
|last=Taylor
===Judaism===
In the Jewish religion, the tradition of circumcision goes back to a passage in the Book of Genesis (17, 10-14). It is seen as a [[Abrahamic covenant| covenant between God and man]], dating back to the patriarch Abraham.
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According to the anthropologist and sociologist Nissan Rubin, the Jewish form of circumcision, called ''[[Brit Milah| brit mila]]'', during the first two millennia did not include the later customary ''periah'', namely the complete scraping of the inner [[foreskin]] from the [[Glans penis|glans]]. This was only added around 135 AD, to make it impossible to restore the [[foreskin]] by stretching, which became popular in the wake of Hellenic influence. While originally only the tip of the [[foreskin]] was cut off, periah removes the entire [[foreskin]]. In the Greek society of the day, a denuded [[Glans penis|glans]] was considered obscene and risible. In ultra-orthodox communities, circumcision is followed by the ''[[mohel]]'', the ritual circumciser, sucking blood from the wound with his mouth. This practice is highly controversial, as it can result in an infection with [[herpes ]] simplex type 1. In New York City, between 2000 and 2011 eleven children were infected with [[herpes]], 10 of whom had to be treated in hospital. Two of them suffered permanent brain damage, two others died. In the 12th century, the Jewish philosopher and doctor [[Moses Maimonides | Maimonides]] pointed out that circumcision was necessary, as it diminished sexual desires and reduced the pleasure to a degree just sufficient for mere reproduction.
===Christianity===
}}</ref>
The first Christians had been born Jewish, so a question arose whether one must be circumcised to be a Christian. When Christian leaders met at the [[Council at Jerusalem ]] in the First Century to decide what was required to be a Christian, a letter was written to explain the requirements, but circumcision was omitted from the requirements.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+15%3A1-30&version=NASB
|title=Acts 15:1-30
|pubmedID=14853120
|accessdate=2019-10-12
}}</ref></ref>.
In the late 1960s it was neuroses. Morris Fishbein (1969) calls for circumcision to prevent nervousness and, of course, [[masturbation]].<ref>{{REFbook
* Medical malpractice can also not be ruled out. Injuries, partly or entirely severing the [[Glans penis|glans]] or the [[penis]] can occur.
* In rare cases, necrosis, gangrene, ischaemia, keloid formation and circulatory problems may also occur.
* When the circumcision is followed by the ultra-orthodox Jewish ritual of Metzitzah B'Peh (which consists of sucking blood from the wound with the mouth), there is a risk of infection with [[herpes ]] simplex type 1, which can lead to brain damage or death.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/08/nyregion/infants-death-renews-debate-over-a-circumcision-ritual.html?_r=0
|title=Baby’s Death Renews Debate Over a Circumcision Ritual