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}}</ref> [...] The procedure is most often an elective non-therapeutic surgery performed on neonates and children for religious and cultural reasons, but in other cases may be indicated for both therapeutic and prophylactic reasons. It is a radical treatment option for pathological [[phimosis]], refractory [[Balanitis| balanoposthitis ]] and chronic [[urinary tract infections infection]]s (UTIs); it is contraindicated in cases of certain genital structure abnormalities or poor general health." (Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumcision Wikipedia]) '''Posthectomy''' is a more accurate medical termthat more accurately reflects the injury and loss of functional body tissue, but the Biblical euphemism, ''circumcision'', is more commonly used.  With reference to involuntary, non-therapeutic circumcision of children, [[Child Genital Cutting (CGC)]] is a new term that has been introduced to avoid issues associated with more traditional terms.

In the Jewish religion, the tradition of circumcision goes back to a passage in the Book of Genesis (17, 10-14). It is seen as a [[Abrahamic covenant| covenant between God and man]], dating back to the patriarch Abraham.

According to the anthropologist and sociologist Nissan Rubin, the Jewish form of circumcision, called ''[[Brit Milah| brit mila]]'', during the first two millennia did not include the later customary ''periah'', namely the complete scraping of the inner [[foreskin]] from the [[Glans penis|glans]]. This was only added around 135 AD, to make it impossible to restore the [[foreskin]] by stretching, which became popular in the wake of Hellenic influence. While originally only the tip of the [[foreskin]] was cut off, periah removes the entire [[foreskin]]. In the Greek society of the day, a denuded [[Glans penis|glans]] was considered obscene and risible. In ultra-orthodox communities, circumcision is followed by the ''[[mohel]]'', the ritual circumciser, sucking blood from the wound with his mouth. This practice is highly controversial, as it can result in an infection with [[herpes ]] simplex type 1. In New York City, between 2000 and 2011 eleven children were infected with [[herpes]], 10 of whom had to be treated in hospital. Two of them suffered permanent brain damage, two others died. In the 12th century, the Jewish philosopher and doctor [[Moses Maimonides | Maimonides]] pointed out that circumcision was necessary, as it diminished sexual desires and reduced the pleasure to a degree just sufficient for mere reproduction.

===IslamChristianity===In IslamJesus was born into a Jewish family in Israel, circumcision is also religiously foundedwhere Judaism was the prevailing religion, even though there is no mention of it in so he was circumcised on the Koran itselfeighth day. According to tradition, the Prophet Mohammed was born without a [[foreskin]]<ref name="luke2:21>{{REFweb |url=https://www. It is seen as a sign of prophets that they are born without a [[foreskin]] alreadybiblegateway. It is considered an honour to "resemble the example com/passage/?search=Luke+2%3A21&version=NASB |title=Gospel of the Prophet"Luke |trans-title= |language= |last=Luke |first= |author-link= |publisher=NASB |website=Bible Gateway |date= |accessdate=2019-11-10 |format= |quote=And when eight days had passed, meaning to be circumcised. In Islambefore His circumcision, unlike JudaismHis name was then called Jesus, there is no specific age at which the circumcision should be performed. Most circumcisions take place at ages between 6 and 10 years, but name given by the angel before He was conceived in the range goes from birth to adulthoodwomb.}}</ref>

===Christianity===The first Christians had been born Jewish, so a question arose whether one must be circumcised to be a Christian. When Christian leaders met at the [[Council at Jerusalem ]] in the First Century to decide what was required to be a Christian. A , a letter was written to explain the requirements, but circumcision was omitted from the requirements.<ref>{{REFweb

|last=Luke

In Christianity, circumcision is practiced only in a few Coptic churches. There is no general belief that circumcision is a requirement of Christianity.<refname="hill2004">{{REFweb

Nevertheless, Christian moral notions had decisive influence on the spread of this practice. In the puritan influenced USA, circumcision of children was popular in the 19th century as a means to prevent [[masturbation]]. In those days, this so-called ‘self-abuse‘ was not only considered immoral, but was supposedly responsible for a variety of diseases. Masturbation, however, is not mentioned anywhere in the Holy Bible, so there is no support for the belief that it is somehow immoral or sinful.  Even the mere existence of a [[foreskin]] was linked to many illnesses. Among them one could find syphilis, epilepsy, paralysis of the spine, bed wetting, scoliosis (spinal deformity), paralysis of the bladder, club foot, nerve pain in the lower abdomen, tuberculosis and lazy eye. One of the best known advocates of child circumcision was [[John Harvey Kellogg]], co-inventor of the corn flakes bearing his name. In 1888, he wrote:

===Search for prophylactic reasonsIslam===In Islam, circumcision is also religiously founded, even though there is no mention of it in the Koran itself. According to tradition, the Prophet Mohammed was born without a [[foreskin]]. It is seen as a sign of prophets that they are born without a [[foreskin]] already. It is considered an honour to "resemble the example of the Prophet", meaning to be circumcised. In Islam, unlike Judaism, there is no specific age at which the circumcision should be performed. Most circumcisions take place at ages between 6 and 10 years, but the range goes from birth to adulthood. ==Rationale == Reasons for performing circumcision range widely by culture, religion, location, and age.

Many cultures perform circumcision as a rite of passage into manhood. This is common in the Middle East and amongst some indigenous African and Southeast Asian peoples. The United States and Israel are the only industrialized countries in the world to have a high incidence of non-therapeutic infant male circumcision. The vast majority of infant circumcisions performed in the United States are for non-religious, non-medical reasons. See [[History of circumcision]]. ===Religious===The circumcision of newborn boys is seen as a divine commandment in the Jewish faith. Though absent in the Koran, male circumcision is considered a religious requirement in Islam, and it is performed on male children of varying ages. Converts to these faiths may also choose to undergo circumcision, but it is not always required. ===Medical indication===In some cases, circumcision is legitimately indicated; a patient may be suffering recurring infections, and other methods of treatment have failed. In other cases, a patient may be suffering from a severe case of [[phimosis]]. Overall, the actual medical necessity for circumcision is extremely rare. All circumcisions injure the patient by amputating the 1920s [[foreskin]] its with many protective, immunological, sensory, and sexual [[Foreskin#Physiological_functions| functions]].  # '''Deformed or malformed foreskin'''. A foreskin so deformed or malformed that it was penile cancer<ref>Abraham Ldoes not function properly may be removed by circumcision. # '''Traumatically injured foreskin'''. A foreskin so traumatically injured foreskin that cannot be surgically repaird is a valid medical reason for circumcision. # '''Diseased foreskin.''' A foreskin that is diseased is a valid indication for cirumcision. Wolbarst claims Some diseases that qualify are malignancy, lichen sclerosis, yeast infection in men with diabetes, and recurrent posthitis. In such cases, the benefit of removing the problem foreskin may exceed the maleficial results of tissue and function destruction. ====Arguments of prophylaxia====Though the practice of ritual circumcision can prevent penile cancerof males, both consenting and non-consenting, has existed for millenia, the search for "potential medical benefits" began relatively recently. The discussion of circumcision in the Ninth Edition of the ''Encyclopǽdia Britannica'' (1876) made no mention of any prophylactic, medical, or therapeutic value or function. <ref>{{REFjournalREFweb |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/history/encyclopaediabritannica1876/ |title=Circumcision |trans-title= |language= |last=WolbarstCheyne |first=Abraham LT. K. |author-link=Abraham L. Wolbarst |titlepublisher=Is circumcision a prophylactic against penis cancer?Encyclopǽdia Brittanica |journalwebsite=CancerCircumcision Reference Library |date=Jul 19261876 |volumeaccessdate=32019-11-10 |issueformat=4 |pagesquote=301-10}}</ref> Initially, in the 1940 prostate- circumcision was adopted as a way to stop boys and tongue cancer men from masturbating, where masturbation was seen as well as STDs<ref>Eugene Hthe cause for many diseases. Hand explains As the myth that circumcision somehow protects against venereal diseases prevented [[masturbation]] became debunked, advocates of circumcision began the great search to find the "medical benefits" of circumcision.  Male and female circumcision involves the removal and tongue cancerdisruption of normal anatomical structures that are primary areas of sexual sensation. <ref name="taylor1996" /> In the past, some advocates of mass circumcision have considered the prepuce to be a "mistake of nature,"<ref><nowiki>{{REFjournalCold and Wiswell (1995)}} | [[Template:Cold and Wiswell (1995)|see more]]</nowiki></p> |title=Circumcision </ref> but this notion has no validity because the prepuce is ubiquitous in primates and venereal diseasebecause it provides functional advantages.<ref name="cold-mcgrath1995">{{REFbook |last=HandCold |first=Eugene H.Christopher |journallast2=Archives of Dermatology and SyphilologyMcGrath |datefirst2=Sep 1949Kenneth |volumeauthor2-link=60Ken McGrath |issueyear=31999 |pagestitle=341-346}}</ref>. In the 1950s it was cervical cancer<ref>Abraham Ravich invents the myth that Male and female circumcision reduces the risk of women getting cervical cancer. {{REFjournal: medical, legal, and ethical considerations in pediatric practice |url=httpshttp://www.ncbicirp.nlm.nih.govorg/library/pubmedanatomy/cold-mcgrath/14853120 |titlework=Prophylaxis of cancer of the prostate, penis, and cervix by circumcision |lasteditor=Ravich |firstedition=Abraham |last2volume=Ravich |first2chapter=R.A. |journal=New York State Journal Anatomy and histology of Medicinethe penile and clitoral prepuce in primates |datepages=Jun 1951 |volumelocation=51New York |issuepublisher=12 |pagesisbn=1519-15200306461315 |pubmedIDquote=14853120

|note=}}</ref> ===Search for prophylactic reasons=== The practice of finding prophylactic reasons for infant circumcision started in Germany in the nineteenth century, in when non-Jewish Germans criticized the late 1960s it was neuroses<ref>Morris Fishbein calls for Jewish practice of infant circumcision as being barbaric, Jewish doctors sprang to prevent nervousness and, the defense of course, [[masturbation]]the religious practice by claiming health benefits. <ref name="ephron2001">{{REFbook |last=FishbeinEphron |first=MorrisJohn M. |chapterauthor-link= |year=Sex hygiene2001 |title=Modern Home Medical AdviserMedicine and the German Jews |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/history/ephron1/ |work= |locationeditor= |edition=Garden City, New York |publishervolume=Doubleday & Co |yearchapter=19696 |pages=90, 119222-233 |location=New Haven |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=0-300-08377-7 |urlquote=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL95362W/Modern_home_medical_adviser |accessdate=2019-1011-1220 |note=}}</ref>, in And so started the 1970s bladder- long tradition of Jewish doctors inventing reasons for circumcision (and rectal deceving gentile doctors). Following the discovery of bacteria as a cause of many diseases – such as tuberculosis – the search began for other illnesses that could be prevented by circumcision. In the 1920s it was penile cancer<ref>. Abraham Ravich L. Wolbarst (1926) claims that circumcision would can prevent bladder cancer and rectal penile cancer. <ref name="wolbarst1926">{{REFjournal |last=RavichWolbarst |first=AbrahamL. |urlauthor-link=https://wwwAbraham L.deepdyve.com/lp/wiley/viral-carcinogenesis-in-venereally-susceptible-organs-HCeWmTLmKlWolbarst |title=Viral carcinogenesis in venereally susceptible organsIs circumcision a prophylactic against penis cancer?

|date=Jul 1926 |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=301-10}}</ref>.  In the 1940s, prostate and tongue cancer as well as STDs. Eugene H. Hand (1949) falsely explains that circumcision somehow protects against venereal diseases and tongue cancer.<ref name="hand1949">{{REFjournal |title=Circumcision and venereal disease. |last=Hand |first=Eugene H. |journal=Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology |date=Sep 1949 |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=341-346}}</ref>.  In the 1950s it was cervical cancer. Abraham Ravich (1951) invents the myth that circumcision reduces the risk of women getting cervical cancer.<ref name="ravich1951">{{REFjournal |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14853120 |title=Prophylaxis of cancer of the prostate, penis, and cervix by circumcision |last=Ravich |first=Abraham |last2=Ravich |first2=R.A. |journal=New York State Journal of Medicine |date=Jun 19711951 |volume=2751 |issue=612 |pages=14931519-14961520 |pubmedID=14853120

}}</ref>  In the late 1960s it was neuroses. Morris Fishbein (1969) calls for circumcision to prevent nervousness and, of course, [[masturbation]].<ref>{{REFbook |last=Fishbein |first=Morris |chapter=Sex hygiene |title=Modern Home Medical Adviser |location=Garden City, New York |publisher=Doubleday & Co |year=1969 |pages=90, 119 |url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL95362W/Modern_home_medical_adviser |accessdate=2019-10-12}}</ref>,  In the 1970s bladder- and rectal cancer. Abraham Ravich (1971) claims that circumcision would prevent bladder cancer and rectal cancer.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Ravich |first=Abraham |url=https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/wiley/viral-carcinogenesis-in-venereally-susceptible-organs-HCeWmTLmKl |title=Viral carcinogenesis in venereally susceptible organs |journal=Cancer |date=Jun 1971 |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=1493-1496 |accessdate=2019-10-12 }}</ref> In the 1980s , UTIs<ref>. Thomas E. Wiswell (1985) claims that circumcision , using a methodologically flawed report, reduces the risk of urinary tract infections. <ref name="wiswell1985">{{REFjournal |last=Wiswell |first=Thomas E.

}}</ref> and AIDS<ref> Aaron J. Fink (1986), with no evidence whatsoever, claims that circumcision protects against AIDSfollowed. <ref name="fink1986">{{REFjournal

|accessdate=2019-11-20}}</ref> followed.  Retrospectively, circumcision was always advertised as a cure for whatever disease was in the public spotlight at the time.[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision]] (2016) states:<blockquote>These claims date originally from before the advent of evidence-based medicine, when doctors relied on the opinions of other clinicians to inform their practice, rather than on scientifically collected evidence.<ref name="doc2016">{{REFweb |url=https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/for-professionals/alleged-medical-benefits/ |title=Alleged Medical Benefits |trans-title= |language= |last= |first= |author-link= |publisher=Doctors Opposing Circumcision |website= |date=2016-05 |accessdate=2019-11-20 |format= |quote=}}</ref></blockquote>

* The studies by Fleiss ''et al.'' (1998) support this.<refname="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998">{{REFjournal

}}</ref> support this. According to the [[AAP]], the general sexual behaviour of the male - such as frequent change in partners and the use of condoms - has a much higher impact on sexually transmitted diseases then the circumcision status.<ref>{{REFjournal

|pages=686-69393 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/statements/aap1999/ |accessdate=2019-11-15

|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1194736/pdf/genitmed00041-0022.pdf |accessdate=2019-11-15

|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1508929/pdf/amjph00017-0039.pdf |accessdate=2019-11-15

|author-link=Gregory Boyle

|url=https://insights.ovid.com/aids/aids/1995/08/000/community-trial-impact-improved-sexually/15/00002030 |accessdate=2019-11-15

|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a458066.pdf

|accessdate=2019-11-15

|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/UTI/mccracken/ |accessdate=2019-11-19

Circumcision is surgery. Surgical complications of circumcision generally may be classified as hemorrhage, infection, or surgical misadventure up to and including loss of the penis and [[death]].<ref name="williams-kapilla1993">{{REFjournal |last=Williams |first=N |author-link= |last2=Kapilla |first2=L |author2-link= |etal=no |title=Complications of circumcision |trans-title= |language= |journal=Brit J Surg |location= |date=1993-10 |volume=80 |issue=10 |pages=1231-6 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/williams-kapila/ |quote= |pubmedID=8242285 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1002/bjs.1800801005 |accessdate=2019-11-27}}</ref>

|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/gunnar/ |accessdate=2019-11-26

}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal

|url=http://www.circumstitions.com/death-exsang.html

|accessdate=2019-11-26

|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/blalock1/ |accessdate=2019-11-26

|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/leitch1/ |accessdate=2019-12-15

* Meatal stenosis* Knot formation of the veins. If the dorsal vein, a pathological narrowing which originates in the tip of the opening [[foreskin]], is cut during circumcision without being clamped and sutured at its origin separately, it starts to develop new branches over time, which can lead to the development of knots.* Possible deformities due to circumcision include hypoplasia of the [[penis]] (micro-penis) and induratio [[penis]] plastica (skewed penis).* Medical malpractice can also not be ruled out. Injuries, partly or entirely severing the urethra[[Glans penis|glans]] or the [[penis]] can occur.* In rare cases, necrosis, gangrene, ischaemia, which mostly occurs in infancy keloid formation and early childhoodcirculatory problems may also occur. It * When the circumcision is one followed by the ultra-orthodox Jewish ritual of Metzitzah B'Peh (which consists of sucking blood from the most common complications wound with the mouth), there is a risk of infant infection with [[herpes]] simplex type 1, which can lead to brain damage or death.<ref>{{REFweb |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/08/nyregion/infants-death-renews-debate-over-a-circumcision-ritual. A study html?_r=0 |title=Baby’s Death Renews Debate Over a Circumcision Ritual |last=Robbins |first=Liz |date=2012-03-07 |accessdate=2019-10-11}}</ref> === Physical late effects === * An unavoidable late effect of any circumcision is the permanent loss of sexual sensitivity. This is partly due to the removal of sensory tissue. The [[foreskin]] contains very many nerve endings and touch receptors, which account for the major part of male sexual sensation. If the [[foreskin]] is removed, they can no longer provide sexual stimulation. It is also partly due to the fact that the surface of the [[Glans penis|glans]] reacts to the missing protection from 2006 found meatal stenosis exclusively friction and drying out by developing a callus layer. This reduces the sensitivity of the remaining nerves in previously circumcised boysthe [[Glans penis|glans]] gradually over the years. The incidence rate after a circumcision is at approximately 10%study conducted by Sorrells ''et al.''<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Van HoweSorrells |first=RM.SL. |titlelast2=Snyder |first2=J..L. |last3=Reiss |first3=Incidence of meatal stenosis following neonatal circumcision in a primary care settingM.D. |journaletal=Clin Pediatr (Phila)yes |notetitle=JanFine-Feb 2006touch pressure thresholds in the adult [[penis]] |journal=BJU Int |date=2006-012007 |volume=4599 |issue=1 |pages=49864-54869 |url=

}}</ref> found a significant reduction of sensitivity to touch for circumcised compared to intact [[penis]]es in adult males. Other studies revealed that circumcised men use condoms significantly less often than intact men, since they further limit the sexual sensitivity (see above). * Painful tension can occur when there is too little reserve skin left to support a full erection<ref>{{REFjournal |last=StenramTaylor |first=AJ.R. |last2=MalmforsLockwood |first2=GA.P. |last3=OkmianTaylor |first3=LA.J. |title=Circumcision for The prepuce: <q>Specialized mucosa of the [[penis]] and its loss to circumcision</q> |journal=British Journal of Urology |date=1996 |volume=77 |issue= |pages=291-295 |url= |accessdate=}}</ref>. This risk is partly dependent on the anatomy of the [[penis]]. While some [[penis]]es already have the majority of their full size when flaccid ([[Flesh Penis]], or "[[shower]]"), others are rather short when flaccid and double or more their size during an erection ([[Blood Penis]], or "[[grower]]"). Especially in children's circumcision, where the [[phimosispenis]]is not yet fully developed, the amount of reserve skin needed in adulthood cannot be estimated. * Erectile dysfunction: a follow-up studyBoth the damage inflicted to the blood vessels in the [[foreskin]] and the reduced sexual sensitivity can be causes for reduced erectile function with advancing age.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Money |first=J. |last2=Davison |first2=J. |title=Adult penile circumcision: Erotosexual and cosmetic sequelae |journal=Scandinavian journal Journal of urology and nephrologySex Research |date=19861983 |volume=2019 |issue=2 |pages=89289-292

=== Physical late effects === * An unavoidable late effect of any circumcision is Orgasm problems: In the permanent loss wake of reduced sexual sensitivity. This is partly , due to the removal loss of sensory tissue. The and gradual keratinization of the surface of the [[foreskinGlans penis|glans]] contains very many nerve endings and touch receptors, which account for orgasm problems may develop with increasing age. In this case, the major part of male sexual sensation. If the arousal created by intercourse or [[foreskinmasturbation]] is removed, they can no longer provide sexual stimulationnot enough to achieve orgasm. It A preliminary stage of this late effect is also partly due the prolonged time circumcised men need to reach an orgasm. This is often fielded as the fact that "cut men have more endurance" argument for circumcision.* Vaginal dryness: Due to the surface loss of the [[Glans penis|glans]] reacts to the missing protection natural gliding action, which comes from friction and drying out by developing a callus layer. This reduces the sensitivity mobility of the remaining nerves in the fore- and shaft skin, a much increased friction between [[Glans penis|glans]] gradually over the yearsand vagina occurs during intercourse. The This can make intercourse painful for both partners and lead to abrasions<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Frisch |first=Morten |author-link=Morten Frisch |first2=Morten |last2=Lindholm |first3=Morten |last3=Grønbæk |title=Male circumcision and sexual function in men and women: a survey-based, cross-sectional study conducted by Sorrells ''et alin Denmark |journal=International Journal of Epidemiology |date=2011-10 |volume=40 |issue=5 |pages=1367-1381 |url= |pubmedID=21672947 |DOI=10.''1093/ije/dyr104 |accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal |last=SorrellsCortés-González |first=M.LJ. |last2=SnyderArratia-Maqueo |first2=J..L. |last3=ReissGómez-Guerra |first3=M.DL. |etal=yes |title=Fine-touch pressure thresholds in the adult [[penis]]Does circumcision has an effect on female's perception of sexual satisfaction? |journal=BJU IntRev Invest Clin |date=20072008 |volume=9960 |issue=3 |pages=864-869227

}}</ref> found a significant reduction of sensitivity The prolonged time it takes circumcised men to touch for circumcised reach orgasm, as well as the often longer and more vigorous thrusting movements - compared to intact [[penis]]es men - play a part in adult malesthis. Other studies revealed that circumcised men use condoms significantly less often than intact men, since they further limit the sexual sensitivity (see above).* Painful tension can occur when there is too little reserve skin left to support a full erection<ref>{{REFjournal |last=TaylorCold |first=C.J.R. |last2=LockwoodTaylor |first2=AJ.P. |last3=Taylor |first3=A.JR. |title=The prepuce: <q>Specialized mucosa of the [[penis]] and its loss to circumcision</q> |journal=British Journal of UrologyBJU Int |date=19961999 |volume=7783 |issue=Suppl. 1 |pages=29134-29544

}}</ref>. This risk is partly dependent on the anatomy of the [[penis]]. While some [[penis]]es already have the majority of their full size when flaccid ([[Flesh Penis]], or "[[shower]]"), others are rather short when flaccid and double or more their size during an erection ([[Blood Penis]], or "[[grower]]"). Especially in children's circumcision, where the [[penis]] is not yet fully developed, the amount of reserve skin needed in adulthood cannot be estimated.* Erectile dysfunction: Both the damage inflicted to the blood vessels in the [[foreskin]] and the reduced sexual sensitivity can be causes for reduced erectile function with advancing age.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=MoneyFink |first=JK.S. |last2=DavisonCarson |first2=JC.C. |last3=DeVellis |first3=R.F. |title=Adult penile circumcisionCircumcision Outcomes Study: Erotosexual Effect on Erectile Function, Penile Sensitivity, Sexual Activity and cosmetic sequelaeSatisfaction |journal=Journal of Sex ResearchJ Urol |date=19832002 |volume=19167 |issue=5 |pages=2892113-2922116

 * Orgasm problems: In the wake [[Lymphoedema]] of reduced sexual sensitivity, due to the loss of sensory tissue penis is a normal and gradual keratinization expected complication of the surface of the male circumcision. * [[Glans penis|glansMeatal stenosis]], orgasm problems may develop with increasing age. In this case, a pathological narrowing of the sexual arousal created by intercourse or [[masturbation]] is not enough to achieve orgasm. A preliminary stage opening of this late effect is the prolonged time circumcised men need to reach an orgasmurethra, which mostly occurs in infancy and early childhood. This It is often fielded as one of the "cut men have more endurance" argument for most common complications of infant circumcision.* Vaginal dryness: Due to the loss of the natural gliding action, which comes A study from the mobility of the fore- and shaft skin, 2006 found meatal stenosis exclusively in previously circumcised boys. The incidence rate after a much increased friction between [[penis]] and vagina occurs during intercoursecircumcision is approximately 10 to 20 percent. This can make intercourse painful for both partners and lead to abrasions<refname="vanhowe2006">{{REFjournal |last=FrischVan Howe |first=MortenR.S. |author-linktitle=Morten FrischIncidence of meatal stenosis following neonatal circumcision in a primary care setting |first2=Morten |last2=Lindholm |first3=Morten |last3journal=GrønbækClin Pediatr (Phila) |titlenote=Male circumcision and sexual function in men and women: a surveyJan-based, cross-sectional study in Denmark |journal=International Journal of EpidemiologyFeb 2006 |date=20112006-1001 |volume=4045 |issue=51 |pages=136749-138154 |url= |pubmedID=21672947 |DOI=10https://www.academia.1093edu/ije6992015/dyr104Incidence_of_Meatal_Stenosis_following_Neonatal_Circumcision_in_a_Primary_Care_Setting |accessdate=2019-12-15

|last=Cortés-GonzálezStenram |first=JA. |last2=Arratia-MaqueoMalmfors |first2=JG. |last3=Gómez-GuerraOkmian

|title=Does circumcision has an effect on female's perception of sexual satisfaction?Circumcision for [[phimosis]]: a follow-up study |journal=Rev Invest ClinScandinavian journal of urology and nephrology |date=20081986 |volume=6020 |issue=32 |pages=22789

|pubmedID=188077353749823

}}</ref> The prolonged time it takes circumcised men to reach orgasm, as well as the often longer and more vigorous thrusting movements - compared to intact men - play a part in this.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Cold |first=C.J. |last2=Taylor |first2=J.R. |title=The prepuce |journal=BJU Int |date=1999 |volume=83 |issue=Suppl. 1 |pages=34-44REFweb |url= |accessdate=}}<http://ref><ref>{{REFjournal |last=Fink |first=Kemedicine.S. |last2=Carson |first2=C.C. |last3=DeVellis |first3=R.Fmedscape.com/article/1016016-overview |title=Adult Circumcision Outcomes Study: Effect on Erectile Function, Penile Sensitivity, Sexual Activity and SatisfactionMeatal Stenosis |journalpublisher=J UrolMedscape |dateaccessdate=2002 |volume=167 |issue=5 |pages=21132019-10-2116 |url= |accessdate=11}}</ref>

[[Psychological_issues_of_male_circumcision#Circumcision_trauma_in_adults| Psychological late effects ]] are also possible after a circumcision, especially if the operation was carried out in childhood. On this occasion a variety of trauma may occur, which depend, among others, on age and circumstances of the circumcision. For example, whether the circumcision took place with or without sufficient anaesthesia, if the individual has been informed about the operation beforehand, if he was circumcised against his will or without his consent, and also, in the case of infant circumcision, if he was told about it during childhood or had to find it out coincidentally on his own.

|accessdate=2020-02-01

 == Rights and Ethics ethics ==

|date=March 1999-03

|url=https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/103/3/686#sec-9 |accessdate=2019-11-26

The [[AAFP ]] states quite simply in their [[Position Statements on Infant Circumcision|position paper]], ''"Newborns experience pain during circumcision".''<ref>{{REFweb

|title=Pain During Mogen or PlastiBell Plastibell Circumcision

|date=March 1997-03

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}}</ref> This practice was discontinued at least six decades ago.-->

}}</ref> Parental consent is required.<ref>See, e.g., Shephard and Shephard, ''The Complete Guide'', p. 125.</ref> A statement published by the American Academy of Pediatrics in 1999 declares that "parents should determine what is in the best interest of the child... It is legitimate for parents to take into account cultural, religious, and ethnic traditions, in additions to the medical factors, when making a decision."<ref>Lannon and Bailey, "Circumcision Policy Statement," p. 691.</ref> In the United Kingdom, where routine non-therapeutic circumcision has now become far less prevalent than in the United States, a written consent of both parents is required, if a physician is to perform a non-therapeutic circumcision of a child.<ref>{{REFjournal

}}</ref>(The National Health Service does not provide non-therapeutic circumcision.)