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==British family court opinion==The issue Two ethicists, Myers & Earp (2020), have conducted a detailed review and analysis of the claimed medical benefits of non-therapeutic [[circumcision ]]. They have determined that the alleged benefits are not material, so they do not support granting of male children came before the court in consent by a surrogate. Moreover, they comment that even the case of ''most perfectly executed surgery produces [[Re B and G (children) (No 2) EWFC 3trauma]] (2015)'' and harm to the patient. In that caseCircumcision also produces tissue loss and loss of function, therefore, Judge Sir James Munby ruled that circumcision should be performed only after the individual reaches the age of male children caused ''significant harm''consent. Consent by a surrogate for a non-therapeutic circumcision is an unethical practice.<ref name="myers2020">{{REFjournal |last=Myers |first= |init=A |author-link= |last2=Earp |first2= |init2=BD |author2-link=Brian D. Earp |etal=no |title=What is the best age to circumcise? A medical and ethical analysis |trans-title= |language= |journal=J Biosoc Sci |location= |date=2020-09 |volume=34 |issue=7 |pages=560-72 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/bioe.12714 |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=32068898 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1111/bioe. 12714 |accessdate=2023-05-18}}</ref>
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==British family court opinion==The issue of non-therapeutic circumcision of male children came before the court in the case of ''[[Re B and G (children) (No 2) EWFC 3]] (2015)'' . In that case, Judge Sir James Munby ruled that circumcision of male children caused ''significant harm''.
== Rights and ethics ==
The term "circumcision" without a gender qualifier refers specifically to male circumcision. It means "to cut around," and it refers to the [[excision]] of the [[foreskin]] from the penis. The term is inaccurate and a euphemism because the operation actually cuts off or [[amputates]] the [[foreskin]], which in adults comprises about fifteen square inches of highly functional tissue.
Circumcision is most often performed in healthy males for [[Religion and Culture|religious or cultural]] reasons. The procedure may be performed on consenting adults, but it is most often performed on non-consenting minors, particularly newborn children, which is why the ritual is so controversial. Opponents of circumcision consider the circumcision of non-consenting minors to be unethical and a [[human rights]] violation, unless there is concrete [[medical indication]]. Proponents of circumcision consider the circumcision of non-consenting minors to be a "religious freedom" and a "parental right."
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Adolescent and adult circumcision]]