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"Male '''circumcision''' (from Latin ''circumcidere'', meaning "to cut around") is the surgical removal or [[amputation]] of the [[foreskin]] (prepuce) , a major part of the human [[penis]]. The foreskin comprises ''more than fifty percent'' of the epithelium of the [[penis]].<ref name="taylor1996">{{TaylorJR LockwoodAP TaylorAJ 1996}}</ref> When the "cutting around" is performed, the foreskin falls off, so [[amputation]] and [[mutilation]] is the result. The amputation destroys the [[Foreskin#Physiological_functions| many protective, immunological, sexual, and sensory physiological functions]] of the foreskin, so it is a very harmful and [[Pain| painful]] surgery. The un-anesthetized and un-sedated newborn infant is restrained by being strapped to a special plastic board called the [[circumstraint]]. The procedure is most often an elective, non-therapeutic surgery without [[medical indication]] performed on neonates and children for religious and cultural reasons in violation of the child's [[human rights]] to [[physical integrity]], but in older patients may be rarely indicated for therapeutic reasons. It is a radical treatment option for pathological [[phimosis]], refractory [[balanoposthitis]] and chronic [[urinary tract infection]]s (UTIs); it is contraindicated in cases of certain genital structure abnormalities or poor general health.  '''Posthectomy''' is a more accurate medical term that more accurately reflects the injury and loss of functional body tissue, but the Biblical [[euphemism]], ''circumcision'', is more commonly used.

Circumcision was popularized in English-speaking nationns in the nineteeth century. The practice of non-therapeutic circumcision of boys now has greatly declined in [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[New Zealand]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. It has been gradually declining since 1985 in the [[United States]]. It has ''never'' been a popular practice in other western nations.

In [[Judaism]], the tradition of [[Brit Milah| circumcision]] goes back to the [[Abrahamic covenant]] in a passage in the Book of Genesis (17:10-14). It is was seen as a covenant between God and man, dating back to the patriarch Abraham. The validity of this passage is increasingly being questioned.

In the Greek society of the day, a denuded [[Glans penis|glans]] was considered obscene and risible. In ultra-orthodox communities, circumcision is followed by the ''[[mohel]]'', the ritual circumciser, sucking blood from the wound with his mouth. This practice is highly controversial, as it can result in an [[infection ]] with [[herpes]] simplex type 1. In New York City, between 2000 and 2011 eleven children were infected with [[herpes]], 10 of whom had to be treated in hospital. Two of them suffered permanent brain damage, two others died. In the 12th century, the Jewish philosopher and doctor [[Moses Maimonides| Maimonides]] claimed that circumcision was necessary, as it diminished sexual desires and reduced the pleasure to a degree just sufficient for mere reproduction.

Jesus was born into a Jewish family in [[Israel]], where [[Judaism]] was the prevailing religion, so He was [[circumcised]] on the eighth day.<ref>{{REFweb

In Christianity, circumcision is practiced only in the Coptic churchesdenomination. There is no general belief that circumcision is a requirement of Christianity.<ref name="hill2004">{{REFweb

Even the mere existence of a [[foreskin]] was falsoly linked to many illnesses. Among them one could find syphilis, epilepsy, paralysis of the spine, bed wetting, scoliosis (spinal deformity), paralysis of the bladder, club foot, nerve pain in the lower abdomen, tuberculosis and lazy eye. One of the best known advocates of child circumcision was [[John Harvey Kellogg]], co-inventor of the corn flakes bearing his name. In 1888, he wrote:

The [[United States]] and [[Israel ]] are the only industrialized countries in the world to have a high incidence of non-therapeutic infant male circumcision. The vast majority of infant circumcisions performed in the United States are for non-religious, non-medical reasons. See [[History of circumcision]].

There are no [[medical indication| medical indications]] for circumcision of the newborn. The [[circumcision industry ]] offers circumcision of the newborn to the public because of the [[financial incentive]].

Some people claim that circumcision has prophylactic benefits. Especially in the [[USA ]] those arguments have persisted for more then a 100 years, with ever changing diseases circumcision is said to protect against. At first, these were diseases where [[masturbation]] was believed to be the cause. After bacteria and viruses had been discovered, arguments changed, and one after another miscellaneous diseases were cited.

}}</ref>, which found a higher rate of infection with bacterial venereal diseases in [[circumcised ]] than in [[intact ]] men.* The studies by Fleiss et al. (1998) support this.<ref name="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998">{{FleissP HodgesF VanHoweRS 1998}}</ref> According to the [[AAP]], the general sexual behaviour of the male - — such as frequent change in partners and the use of condoms - — has a much higher impact on sexually transmitted diseases then the circumcision status.<ref>{{REFjournal

The fact that the [[USA ]] has both the highest rate percentage of [[circumcised]] males in the western world, as well as the highest [[HIV]] infection rate, makes the studies look dubious. Besides that, several other studies concluded that circumcision does not have a significant impact on the risk of infection with [[HIV]].<ref>{{REFjournal

}}</ref> found that, during the first 6 years of life, the incidence of UTIs [[UTI]]s in boys was 1.8%, but in girls was 6.6%. UTIs are less common in boys after the first year of life. Mueller et al. <ref>{{REFjournal

* Other studies suggest that circumcision is more likely to raise than to lower the generally low risk of acquiring UTI: multiple studies from [[Israel ]] showed a strong correlation between ritual circumcision on the 8th day of life and postoperative UTI.<ref>{{REFjournal

* It can be concluded that circumcision is ineffective as a preventive measure against UTIs[[UTI]].

One should note that the human [[foreskin ]] is endowed by nature with [[Foreskin#Immunological_functions| immunological functions]] that serve to protect the human body from disease.<ref name="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998"/> The [[glans penis ]] receives blood through the frenular artery.<ref>{{REFjournal

In western industrial nations, however, this problem does not exist, in view of the availability of clean water for daily personal hygiene. If the cleaning of the genitals is performed on a daily basis - — and that may be assumed - — no pathogens can accumulate under the [[foreskin]]. Cleaning of the [[Glans penis|glans]] and the area [[preputial sac]] underneath the [[foreskin]] is easy - — they are simply [[Preputial_sac#Washing| washed with warm water along with the rest of the body]], just like the areas between the toes.

In small boys, where the [[foreskin]] cannot be retracted yet, cleaning is not necessary, since the [[Synechia| membrane]] that fuses the [[foreskin]] to the [[Glans penis|glans]] prevents the accumulation of micro-organisms. The so-called "[[Ballooning of the foreskin| ballooning]]", where the [[foreskin]] inflates during urination, is not a serious problemconcern.

But even in areas where there are poorer hygienic conditions and an insufficient access to medical care, the benefits of easier cleaning of a [[circumcised ]] [[penis]] are to be viewed with a critical eye. Although even longer periods without personal hygiene will not result in an accumulation of germs under the [[foreskin]], circumcision itself is not without risk of complications. If the operation is carried out without proper sterility, there is a high risk of an [[infection]] of the wound. This also applies to the treatment of common complications like post-operative [[bleeding]].

The benefit of easier cleaning must be balanced against the risk of promoting serious infections - — among others [[HIV]] - — during the operation. In parts of Africa, several dozen of one tribe's boys die each year as a result of their circumcision.

== Risks and late effects == Just like tonsil or appendix surgery, circumcision is a surgical intervention and brings the usual risks related to surgical operations, alongside several specific risks of complications and late effectsThe [https://www. Uberoi et alcirp. org/library/statements/aap1999/|AAP Circumcision Policy Statement] (20221999) report states quite clearly that ''"some men There is considerable evidence that newborns who are experiencing a complex negative constellation of psychological[[circumcised]] without analgesia experience pain and physiologic stress"''. Furthermore, physicalthe pain is quite severe, and sexual associations that lead to significant emotional distress directed both internally requires injections for proper pain management. Sucrose and externallyAcetaminophen ''"cannot be recommended as the sole method of analgesia"''. The posts also reveal a discovery phenomenon wherein men discover Topical cream is no longer thought sufficient as ''"the analgesic effect is limited during the physical and psychological manifestations phases associated with extensive tissue trauma such as...tightening of the decisions made by others to modify their genitalsclamp"''."<ref name ="uberoi2022">{{REFjournal |last=Uberoi

|inittitle=MAmerican Academy of Pediatrics: Circumcision Policy Statement; Task Force on Circumcision |author-linkjournal=Pediatrics |last2=Abdulcadir |first2= |init2date=J |author21999-link=03 |last3volume=Ohi103 |first3issue=3 |init3pages=DA |author3686-link=93 |last4url=Santiagohttps://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/103/3/686#sec-9 |first4accessdate= |init4=JE |author42019-11-link=26 |last5note=Statement Reaffirmed Sept. 1, 2005 |first5=}}</ref> |init5= The [[AAFP]] (2002) states quite simply in their [https://www.cirp.org/library/statements/aafp2002/|author5-link=position paper], ''"Newborns experience pain during circumcision".''<ref>{{REFweb |last6title=Circumcision: Position Paper on Neonatal Circumcision. Board Approved: August 2007 Reaffirmed |first6website=Official American Academy of Family Physicians Website |init6url=http://www.aafp.org/online/en/home/clinical/clinicalrecs/children/circumcision.html |author6-link= |last7= |first7= |init7accessdate= |author72011-link= |last8= |first8= |init8= |author805-link=02 |last9=}}</ref> This is not a debatable fact, and yet, it is not widely accepted, even by some doctors. It might be hard for some doctors to accept, as they may have been taught that the infant does not feel [[pain]], and may have performed countless circumcisions with this idea. Usage of anesthesia for infant circumcision is still by no means the rule. |first9= |init9= |author9Penile injections of local anesthetic are now recommended by all of the major medical institutions if a circumcision is to be performed. In their [http://www.ama-link= |etal=yes |title=Potentially underassn.org/ama/no-recognized lateindex/about-stage physical and psychosexual complications ama/13585.shtml Report 10 of non-therapeutic neonatal the Council on Scientific Affairs], the AMA states ''"When the decision is made to proceed with circumcision, local anesthesia should be provided for the procedure. [[Ring block]] or [[dorsal penile nerve block]] [injections] are most effective. [[EMLA]] cream has limited utility"''. Alarmingly, ''"Despite the clear evidence that newborn males generate brisk pain responses during circumcision: , a qualitative recent survey of residency training programs found that 26% of programs that taught circumcision provided no instruction on the use of local anesthesia". The AMA reports that "Of physicians performing circumcision, 45% use anesthesia, 71% of pediatricians, 56% of family practitioners, and quantitative analysis 25% of self-reports from an online community forumobstetricians"''.<ref>{{REFweb |trans-title=Report 10 of the Council on Scientific Affairs (I-99): Neonatal Circumcision |languagewebsite=American Medical Association Official Website |journalurl=Int J Impot Reshttp://www.ama-assn.org/ama/no-index/about-ama/13585.shtml |locationaccessdate= |date=20222011-1005-2304 |volume= |issue= |article=}}</ref> |page= |pages= |url=httpsThe AAP's [http://www.naturehealthychildren.comorg/articlesEnglish/s41443ages-022stages/prenatal/decisions-00619to-8make/pages/Where-We-Stand-Circumcision.aspx Heatlhy Children website] suggests ''"Your pediatrician (or your obstetrician) should discuss the forms of analgesia that are available"''.<ref>{{REFweb |archivedtitle=Where We Stand: Circumcision |quotepublisher=[[AAP]] |pubmedIDdate=362741892011-03-23 |pubmedCIDurl= |DOI=10http://www.healthychildren.1038org/s41443English/ages-022stages/prenatal/decisions-00619to-8make/pages/Where-We-Stand-Circumcision.aspx |accessdate=20232019-0110-0812}}</ref>Be that as it may, few forms of analgesia are recommended. There are basically two types of injections to choose from, and the website does not go into the difference between a 'dorsal nerve block' and a 'ring block' injection. Given what is known from aforementioned official documents, the AAP website may be more informative and effective if it would say ''"Make sure your doctor knows of the ineffectiveness of anything short of local anesthesia, and make sure your baby is given an injection. This is your responsibility, because your doctor may or may not be up to date on the latest understandings of infant sensitivity to [[pain]] during circumcision."'' The AAP may be holding back, however, perhaps because this would upset the doctor/parent power relationship, and may cause too much questioning of doctors in general. One may not expect to find this kind of advice on such a website, and yet, anything less than this is a dangerously weak statement.

=== Possible operative and postoperative complications === Circumcision is surgery. Surgical complications of circumcision generally may be classified as To control [[Bleeding| hemorrhagepain]], [[infection]]some physicians that circumcise use Tylenol, sugar, or surgical misadventure up to and including loss of the penis and [[death]].<ref name="deacon2022" /><ref name="williams-kapilla1993">{{REFjournalREFweb |lastquote=WilliamsTo calm the baby during the procedure, a sugar filled gauze pacifier soaked with sweet juice is used, and soothing music is played in the room. |initurl=N |authorhttp://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision-link= |last2=Kapilla |init2=L |author2-link= |etal=noguide.html |title=Complications of circumcisionParents' Guide to Circumcision |trans-titlelast= |languagefirst= |journalpublisher=Brit J Surg |locationdate= |dateaccessdate=19932011-04-1008 |volume=80}}</ref><ref>{{REFweb |issuequote=10 |pages=1231-6During the circumcision, your son will receive sugar pacifiers to suck on which reduce his pain perceptions. |url=httpshttp://www.cirppollockclinics.orgcom/librarycircumcision/complications/williamscircumcision-kapila/before.html |title=Before the Circumcision |quotelast= |pubmedIDfirst=8242285 |pubmedCIDpublisher= |DOIdate=10.1002/bjs.18008010052011-04-08 |accessdate=20192011-1104-2708}}</ref> * Intolerance or allergic reactions to the narcotics used.* Especially in newborns, where the bodily pain reduction mechanisms are not yet fully developeda topical cream, local anaesthesia is often insufficient for the operation. Even in conjunction with regional anaesthesia of the dorsal nerve of the [[penis]], the rate of failure to provide sufficient anaesthetic even for experienced anaesthetists is still 5-10%. The general anaesthesia that would be needed for newborns, however, poses significant risks for the child, and, therefore, is only likely to be used in emergencies. A surgical operation without proper [[pain]] control can lead to the development of a specific pain memory<ref>{{REFweb |quote=Then in our office, he will have topical anesthetic applied to his penis. |url=http://www.spiegelpollockclinics.decom/spiegelcircumcision/vorab/expertecircumcision-warnt-rituelle-beschneidung-veraendert-das-gehirn-der-kinder-a-849534before.html |title=Kinderschmerz-Experte warnt: Rituelle Beschneidung verändert das Gehirn der Kinder |trans-title=Children's pain expert warns: Ritual circumcision changes Before the brain of children |language=GermanCircumcision |last=Prof. Dr. med. Boris Zernikow

|publisher=Spiegel Online |website= |date=20122011-04-08-12 |accessdate=20192011-1004-11 |format= |quote=08}}</ref>. In unsedated and partially sedated infants increased secretion of the stress hormone cortisol could be observed for months after the operation. Overall, their pain threshold was lower and the risk of chronic pain increased. Regardless of these findings, infant circumcisions with insufficient /or no a local anaesthetic are still common practiceinjection called a dorsal penile ring block.<ref>{{REFjournalREFweb |lastquote=GarryWe use extensive pain control methods including Tylenol, a sugar solution (to reduce pain perceptions), a topical freezing cream, and a local anesthetic injection. |initurl=Thttp://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision-guide.html |title=Parents' Guide to Circumcision: a survey of fees and practices |journallast=OBG Management |datefirst=1994 |volumepublisher=October |issuedate= |pagesaccessdate=342011-6 |url= |accessdate=04-08}}</ref>Topical anaesthetic only serves to numb the area to lessen the pain of the injection, but studies have shown that a [[dorsal penile nerve block]] is only partially effective in stopping the [[Pain| pain of circumcision]].<refname="Journal of Perinatology April/May 2002">{{REFjournal |last=HowardTaeusch |initfirst=CRH. William |last2init=HowardHW |init2last2=FMMartinez |last3first2=GarfunkelAlma M. |init3init2=LCAM |last4last3=de BlieckPartridge |init4first3=EAJ. Colin |last5init3=WeitzmanJC |init5last4=MSniderman |titlefirst4=Neonatal circumcision and pain relief: current training practicesSusan |journalinit4=PediatricsS |datelast5=1998Armstrong-Wells |volumefirst5=101Jennifer |issueinit5=J |pageslast6=423Fuentes-8Afflick |urlfirst6=Elena |accessdateinit6=}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournalE |lasttitle=StangPain During Mogen or Plastibell Circumcision |initjournal=HJJournal of Perinatology |last2volume=Snellman22 |init2issue=LW3 |titlepages=Circumcision practice patterns in the United States214-8 |url=http://www.nature.com/jp/journal=Pediatrics/v22/n3/full/7210653a.html |datequote=1998...more than half of the study group had what we considered excessive pain/discomfort over the course of the entire procedure. |volumepubmedID=101 |issuepubmedCID=e5 |pagesDOI= |urlnote=April/May 2002 |accessdatedate=2002-04 |noteaccessdate=Link to [[AAP]] website2011-04-08}}</ref>. During procedures which take several minutes, babies tend to fall into a state of stupor, which in the past was falsely interpreted as peaceful sleep, nurturing the belief that babies felt no pain. Measurements taken in those cases revealed a typically 3- to 4-fold increase in cortisol levels, which equals a state of severe [[shock]].<refname="Clinical Pediatrics August 1986">{{REFjournal |last=GunnarWilliamson |initfirst=MRPaul S. |last2init=FischPS |init2last2=ROEvans |last3first2=KorsvikNolan Donovan |init3=S |last4init2=Donhowe |init4=JMND |title=The effects of circumcision on serum cortisol and behaviorNeonatal Cortisol Response to Circumcision with Anesthesia |journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology |date=1981Clinical Pediatrics |volume=625 |issue=38 |pages=269412-756 |url=httpshttp://wwwcpj.cirpsagepub.orgcom/librarycontent/pain25/gunnar8/412.abstract |quote=The adrenal cortisol response to surgery was not significantly reduced by the administration of lidocaine. |pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI= |date=1986-08 |accessdate=20192011-1104-2608}}</ref>* Postoperative wound painDuring circumcision, in the case of somp physicians give children's circumcisions conceivably worsened by sugar pacifiers to "reduce the forceful breaking perception of the preputial adhesions.pain",<ref>{{REFweb* Postoperative pain from |quote=During the exposure of the sensitive glans penis circumcision, your son will receive sugar pacifiers to clothing. This suck on which reduce his pain will endure for several weeks or even longer in some casesperceptions.* Postoperative [[bleeding]] of the wound |url=http://www. This can have severe consequences especially for very young infants, if they are not treated promptlypollockclinics. Their blood volume is only about 85 ml per kilogram of body weight, and even moderate blood loss can lead to hypovolaemia, hypovolaemic [[shock]] and even deathcom/circumcision/circumcision-before.<ref>{{REFbookhtml |title=Before the Circumcision

|yearpublisher=2000 |titledate=Paediatric Handbook2011-04-08 |urlaccessdate=2011-04-08}}</ref> but in at least one study, data shows that giving sugar to a child doesn't help to reduce the perception of pain in the child.<ref name="Lancet, The 2010-10-09">{{REFjournal |worklast=Slater |editorsfirst=Smart J, Nolan T.Rebeccah |editioninit=6R |volumefirst2=Laura |chapterinit2=L |pagelast2=82Cornelissen |locationfirst3={{AUSC|VIC}}, AustraliaLorenzo |publisherinit3=Blackwell Science AsiaL |isbnlast3=Fabrizi |quotefirst4=Debbie |accessdateinit4=D |notelast4=}}</ref><ref>{{REFdocumentPatten |titlefirst5=Autopsy of Demetrius MankerJan |urlinit5=J |contributionlast5=Case 93-1711Yoxen |lastfirst6=WetliAlan |firstinit6=CVA |publisherlast6=Miami: Dade County Medical Examiner DepartmentWorley |formatfirst7=Stewart |dateinit7=1993-06-23S |accessdatelast7=}}</ref> <ref>{{REFjournalBoyd |lastfirst8=HissJudith |initinit8=J |last2last8=HorowitzMeek |init2first9=AMaria |last3init9=KahanaM |init3last9=TProf. Fitzgerald |title=Fatal haemorrhage following male ritual circumcisionOral sucrose as an analgesic drug for procedural pain in newborn infants: a randomised controlled trial |journal=J Clin Forensic Med |date=2000The Lancet |volume=7376 |issue=9748 |pages=1225-32-4 |url=httpshttp://www.cirpthelancet.orgcom/libraryjournals/deathlancet/hiss1article/ |accessdate=2019PIIS0140-116736%2810%2961303-06}}<7/ref><ref>{{REFdocumentfulltext |titlequote=Judgement of inquiry into the death of McWillisOur data suggest that oral sucrose does not significantly affect activity in neonatal brain or spinal cord nociceptive circuits, Ryleigh Roman Bryan |url=http://wwwand therefore might not be an effective analgesic drug.circumstitions.com/death-exsangThe ability of sucrose to reduce clinical observational scores after noxious events in newborn infants should not be interpreted as pain relief.html |contributionpubmedID= |lastpubmedCID=Newell |first=TEC |publisher=Burnaby, B.C.: B.C. Coroner's Service |formatDOI= |date=20042010-0110-1909 |accessdate=20192011-1104-2608}}</ref>* Post -operative [[lymphoedema]]pain and the pain the child must endure during recovery is hardly, if ever, addressed by professionals.* Postoperative It has been shown that an infant's response to [[Infection| infectionspain]]. This includes both local infections, which can be treated with local therapy, and systemic infections, requiring systemic antibiotic treatmentaltered for years as a consequence of circumcision.<ref>{{REFconference |last=Dr. med. Hartmann |first=Wolfgang |url= |place=Rechtsausschuss des Bundestages [Legal Committee of the Bundestag] (German) |title=Stellungnahme zur Anhörung am 26. November 2012 [Opinion on the hearing on 26 November 2012] (German) |date=2012-11-26 |accessdate=TaddioA etal 1995}}</ref><ref>{{TaddioA KatzJ IlersichAL KorenG 1997}}</ref>* [[Wound dehiscence]]{{Box|Boxtext=<big><b>However, meaning the separation none of the edges above three procedures totally eliminate pain. A baby boy will still experience some pain despite any of the wound or the tissue after suturingthose analgesic procedures.* Adhesion between the surface or rim Prevention of the [[Glans penis|glanspain]] with requires protecting a boy from elective neonatal non-therapeutic circumcision. Only boys who are protected from the neighbouring medically unnecessary circumcision surgery experience no [[penile skinpain]], causing or [[skintrauma]] pockets .</b></big>}} == Risks and bridges, as well as visually unpleasant results effects ==Just like uneven scarstonsil or appendix surgery, which make circumcision is a re-circumcision necessarysurgical intervention and brings the usual risks related to surgical operations, alongside several specific risks of complications and late effects. Uberoi et al.* Postoperative [[phimosis]]: (2022) report "some men are experiencing a phimotic ring can develop during scarringcomplex negative constellation of psychological, physical, which makes a re-circumcision necessaryand sexual associations that lead to significant emotional distress directed both internally and externally. According to The posts also reveal a study discovery phenomenon wherein men discover the physical and psychological manifestations of the decisions made by Blalock et alothers to modify their genitals."<refname ="uberoi2022">{{REFjournal |last=BlalockUberoi |first= |init=HJM |author-link= |last2=VemulakondaAbdulcadir |first2= |init2=VJ |author2-link= |last3=RitcheyOhi |first3= |init3=MLDA |author3-link= |last4=RibbeckSantiago |first4= |init4=MJE |author4-link= |last5= |titlefirst5=Outpatient management of [[phimosis]] Following newborn circumcision |journalinit5=J Urol |dateauthor5-link=2003 |volumelast6=169 |issuefirst6=6 |pagesinit6=2332 |author6-4link= |urllast7= |first7=https://www.cirp.org/library/complications/blalock1/ |accessdateinit7=2019 |author7-11link= |last8= |first8= |init8= |author8-26link=}}</ref>, the prevalence is 2.9%, according to Leitch<ref>{{REFjournal |last9= |first9= |init9= |lastauthor9-link=Leitch |initetal=IOWyes |title=Circumcision Potentially under- recognized late-stage physical and psychosexual complications of non-therapeutic neonatal penile circumcision: a continuing enigmaqualitative and quantitative analysis of self-reports from an online community forum |trans-title= |language= |journal=Aust Paediatr Int JImpot Res |location= |date=19702022-10-23 |volume=6

|pagesarticle=59-65 |urlpage=https://www.cirp.org/library/general/leitch1/ |accessdatepages=2019-12-15}}</ref> 5.5%.* [[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome]] (SIDS).* Knot formation of the veins. If the dorsal vein, which originates in the tip of the [[foreskin]], is cut during circumcision without being clamped and sutured at its origin separately, it starts to develop new branches over time, which can lead to the development of knots.* Possible deformities due to circumcision include hypoplasia of the [[penis]] (micro-penis) and induratio [[penis]] plastica (skewed penis).* Medical malpractice can also not be ruled out. Injuries, partly or entirely severing the [[Glans penis|glans]] or the [[penis]] can occur.* In rare cases, [[necrosis]], gangrene, ischaemia, keloid formation, and circulatory problems may also occur.* When the circumcision is followed by the ultra-orthodox Jewish ritual of Metzitzah B'Peh (which consists of sucking blood from the wound with the mouth), there is a risk of infection with [[herpes]] simplex type 1, which can lead to brain damage or [[death]].<ref>{{REFweb |url=httphttps://www.nytimesnature.com/2012/03articles/08/nyregion/infantss41443-death022-renews00619-debate-over-a-circumcision-ritual.html?_r8 |archived=0 |titlequote=Baby’s Death Renews Debate Over a Circumcision Ritual |lastpubmedID=Robbins36274189 |firstpubmedCID=Liz |dateDOI=201210.1038/s41443-022-0300619-078 |accessdate=20192023-1001-1108}}</ref> === Physical late effects ===* [[Bodily harm]]* [[Circumcision scar]] is an invariable effect.* An unavoidable late effect of any circumcision is the permanent loss of sexual sensitivity. This is partly due to the removal of sensory tissue. The [[foreskin]] contains very many nerve endings and touch receptors, which account for the major part of male sexual sensation. If the [[foreskin]] is removed, they can no longer provide sexual stimulation. It is also partly due to the fact that the surface of the [[Glans penis|glans]] reacts to the missing protection from friction and drying out by developing a callus layer. This reduces the sensitivity of the remaining nerves in the [[Glans penis|glans]] gradually over the years. The study conducted by Sorrells et al.<ref>{{Sorrells etal 2007}}</ref> found a significant reduction of sensitivity to touch for [[circumcised]] compared to [[intact]] [[penis]]es in adult males. Other studies revealed that [[circumcised]] men use condoms significantly less often than [[intact]] men, since they further limit the sexual sensitivity (see above).

=== Psychological late Sexual effects === [[Psychological_issues_of_male_circumcision#Circumcision_trauma_in_adults| Psychological late Cepeda-Emiliani et al (2023) cited six reports in the literature of detrimental effects]] are also possible after a of circumcision, especially if the operation was carried out in childhood. On this occasion a variety of [[trauma]] may occurincluding erectile function, sensation, which dependmasturbatory pleasure, among othersorgasm, on age and circumstances sexual satisfaction. The authors also cited three studies of the circumcision. For example, whether the circumcision took place with or without sufficient anaesthesia, if the individual has been informed about the operation beforehand, if he was severe distress in [[circumcised]] against his will or without his consentmen, and also, in the case of due to their infant circumcision, if he was told about it during childhood or had to find it out coincidentally on his own. The psychological late effects with complaints of circumcision are not yet fully researched, and many studies took place on rather a small scale. This situation needs to be rectified, because the available studies, as well as the histories of negatively affected men[[glans]] insensitivity, suggest that these late effects may have more impact than previously assumed. * It was observed that infants, following circumcision without delayed [[painejaculation]] control, had a disturbed bond with their motherand unpleasant sensation.<refname="cepeda2023">{{REFjournal |last=MarshallCepe da-Emiliani |first= |init=REA |author-link=Alfonso Cepeda-Emiliani |last2=PorterGándara-Cortés |first2= |init2=FLM |author2-link= |last3=RogersOtero-Alén |first3= |init3=AGM |author3-link= |last4=García |first4= |init4=H |author4-link= |last5=Suárez-Quintanilla |first5= |init5=J |author5-link= |last6=García-Caballero |first6= |init6=T |author6-link= |last7=Gallego |first7= |init7=R |author7-link= |last8=García-Caballero |first8= |init8=R |author8-link= |etal=yesno |title=CircumcisionImmunohistological study of the density and distribution of human penile neural tissue: II effects upon mothergradient hypothesis |trans-infant interactiontitle= |language= |journal=Early Hum DevInt J Impot Res |location= |date=19822023-05-02 |volume=735 |issue=43 |article= |page= |pages=367286-74305 |url=https://www.cirpnature.orgcom/libraryarticles/birth/marshall2s41443-022-00561-9 |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=35501394 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1038/s41443-022-00561-9 |accessdate=20202023-0211-0126}}</ref>, as well as problems with nurturing, up to the point of refusal to be fed. The sleeping habits of these babies were also disturbed, with prolonged non-REM sleep and increased waking.

* In boys Circumcision and frenectomy remove tissues with heightened erogenous sensitivity.<ref name="cepeda2023" /> <ref name="winkleman1959">{{WinkelmannRK 1959}}</ref> They concluded, "Evidence has also started to accumulate that male circumcision may result in lifelong physical, sexual, and sometimes psychological harm as well." The [[circumcisedamputation]] of the prepuce results in childhood, [[postthe loss of the majority of fine-traumatic stress disorder]] (touch neuroreceptors found in the [[PTSDpenis]]) could be diagnosed. In a study on Philippine boys, in whom no [[PTSD]] was found prior to leaving only the operation, 69% uninhibited protopathic sensibility of the boys artificially externalized [[circumcisedglans penis]] in . The imbalance caused by not having the input from the traditional ritual and 51% now ablated fine-touch receptors may be a leading cause of those the changes in sexual behavior noted in [[circumcised]] by standard medical procedures (including anaesthesia) fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD following the operationhuman males.<ref>{{REFbookREFjournal |last=RamosVan Howe |init=SRS |last2author-link=BoyleRobert S. Van Howe |init2last2=GJCold |yearinit2=2001CJ |title=Understanding circumcision: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to a Multi-Dimensional ProblemAdvantages and Disadvantages of Neonatal Circumcision |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4757-3351-8_14 |work= |editors=[[George C. Denniston]], [[Frederick M. Hodges]], [[Marilyn Fayre Milos]] |editionjournal=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=277 |chapterissue=Ritual and medical circumcision among Filipino boys: evidence of post-traumatic stress disorder13 |pages=2531052-707 |locationurl=New York |publisher=Kluwer Academichttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/Plenum Publishers |isbn=9218663

* Circumcisions, especially those that happen without consent, can spark feelings Histology of helplessness and alienation, which can persist as the male circumcision scar shows [[traumaamputation]]neuromas, Schwann cell proliferation and the bulbous collection of variably sized neurites. These feeling can also be triggered later, when someone [[circumcisedAmputation]] neuromas do not mediate normal sensation and are notorious for generating pain.<ref name="ColdCJ TaylorJR 1999"/> Cepeda-Emiliani et al. (2023) commented:<blockquote> Taking the sleve technique as an infant becomes aware example of his surgical flexibility during circumcision. In an online study, interviewed men stated they felt betrayed - 55% by to the extent that this technique is of such versatility that it allows highly variable quantities of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue to be excised directly from the motherpenile body, 50% and to the extent that the prepuce is still conceived by segments of the fathermedical community as "just a small piece of skin", we are concerned that aggressive circumcisions are intentionally or unintentionally being performed in pediatric and 58% by adult patients in the doctorbelief that "redundant" or " extra" tissue is being excised, and 73% felt or in the belief that their [[human rights]] had been violated"excesive sensitivity" is being reduced to augment ejaculatory latency time.<ref name="GSoCHcepeda2023"/>{{REFweb |url=http://www.circumcisionharm.org</blockquote> |title=Global Survey of Circumcision Harm |accessdate=2019The un-10anesthetized and un-12}}</ref>* It can frequently be found that sedated newborn infant is restrained by being strapped to a special plastic board called the loss [[circumstraint]]. The procedure is deniedmost often an elective, much as happens with non-therapeutic surgery without [[medical indication]] performed on neonates and children for religious and cultural reasons in violation of the loss of other body parts. This denial can lead child's [[human rights]] to fathers having their sons [[circumcisedphysical integrity]] , but in order not to older patients may be reminded of their own lossrarely indicated for therapeutic reasons. In this process It is a radical treatment option for pathological [[phimosis]], their own body refractory [[balanoposthitis]] and chronic [[urinary tract infection]]s (UTIs); it is defined as "normal" and the contraindicated in cases of certain genital structure abnormalities or poor general health.  See [[foreskinSexual effects of circumcision]] redefined as a foreign objectfor more information. Their own parents  === Psychological effects ===[[Psychological_issues_of_male_circumcision#Circumcision_trauma_in_adults| Psychological late effects]] are seen as "good"also possible after a circumcision, so that this image is projected onto especially if the circumcision their parents operation was carried out as well, in order to keep the positive emotion intactchildhood. The father wants to be On this occasion a "good" father later in life as wellvariety of [[trauma]] may occur, which depend, among others, on age and so, following an idealised image circumstances of his own parentsthe circumcision. For example, whether the circumcisiontook place with or without sufficient anaesthesia, which if the individual has been redefined as a "good thing"informed about the operation beforehand, is passed on to his son by having him if he was [[circumcised]] against his will or without his consent, and also, in the case of infant circumcision, if he was told about it during childhood or had to find it out coincidentally on his own. The psychological late effects of circumcision are not yet fully researched, and many studies took place on rather a small scale. This situation needs to be rectified, because the available studies, as wellas the histories of negatively affected men, suggest that these late effects may have more impact than previously assumed.<ref>{{VanderKolkBA 1989}}</ref> * It was observed that infants, following circumcision without [[pain]] control, had a disturbed bond with their mother<ref>{{REFjournal |last=GoldmanMarshall |init=RRE |author-linklast2=Porter |init2=FL |last3=Rogers |init3=Ronald GoldmanAG |urletal=https://www.cirp.org/library/psych/goldman1/yes |title=The psychological impact of circumcisionCircumcision: II effects upon mother-infant interaction |journal=BJU IntEarly Hum Dev |date=19991982 |volume=837 |issue=Suppl. 14 |pages=93367-10374 |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/birth/marshall2/ |accessdate=20192020-1002-1201}}</ref>, as well as problems with nurturing, up to the point of refusal to be fed. The sleeping habits of these babies were also disturbed, with prolonged non-REM sleep and increased waking. * If the In boys [[circumcised]] male feels incompletein childhood, [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] ([[PTSD]]) could be diagnosed. In a study on Philippine boys, or due in whom no [[PTSD]] was found prior to the missing operation, 69% of the boys [[foreskincircumcised]] disadvantaged compared to in the traditional ritual and 51% of those [[intactcircumcised]] males, an inferiority complex and depression may occur. This can be accompanied by conscious recognition of his own incompleteness, or standard medical procedures (including anaesthesia) fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD following the deficiency may remain completely subconsciousoperation.<ref>{{REFjournalREFbook |last=RhinehartRamos |init=JS |last2=Boyle |init2=GJ |year=2001 |title=Understanding circumcision: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to a Multi-Dimensional Problem |url=https://wwwlink.cirpspringer.org/librarycom/psychchapter/rhinehart110.1007/978-1-4757-3351-8_14 |titlework=Neonatal circumcision reconsidered |journaleditors=Transactional Analysis J[[George C. Denniston]], [[Frederick M. Hodges]], [[Marilyn Fayre Milos]] |dateedition=1999 |volume=29 |issuechapter=3Ritual and medical circumcision among Filipino boys: evidence of post-traumatic stress disorder |pages=215253-70 |location=New York |publisher=Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers |isbn= |quote= |accessdate= |note=}}</ref>* Circumcisions, especially those that happen without consent, can spark feelings of helplessness and alienation, which can persist as [[trauma]]. These feeling can also be triggered later, when someone [[circumcised]] as an infant becomes aware of his circumcision. In an online study, interviewed men stated they felt betrayed -2155% by the mother, 50% by the father, and 58% by the doctor, and 73% felt that their [[human rights]] had been violated.<ref name="GSoCH">{{REFweb |url=http://www.circumcisionharm.org/ |title=Global Survey of Circumcision Harm

}}</ref>* It can frequently be found that the loss is denied, much as happens with the loss of other body parts. This denial can lead to fathers having their sons [[circumcised]] in order not to be reminded of their own loss. In this process, their own body is defined as "normal" and the [[foreskin]] redefined as a foreign object. Their own parents are seen as "good", so that this image is projected onto the circumcision their parents carried out as well, in order to keep the positive emotion intact. The father wants to be a "good" father later in life as well, and so, following an idealised image of his own parents, circumcision, which has been redefined as a "good thing", is passed on to his son by having him [[circumcised]] as well.<ref>{{VanderKolkBA 1989}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal |last=Goldman |init=R |author-link=Ronald Goldman |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/psych/goldman1/ |title=The psychological impact of circumcision |journal=BJU Int |date=1999 |volume=83 |issue=Suppl. 1 |pages=93-103 |accessdate=2019-10-12}}</ref>* If the [[circumcised]] male feels incomplete, or due to the missing [[foreskin]] disadvantaged compared to [[intact]] males, an inferiority complex and [[depression]] may occur. This can be accompanied by conscious recognition of his own incompleteness, or the deficiency may remain completely subconscious<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Rhinehart |init=J |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/psych/rhinehart1/ |title=Neonatal circumcision reconsidered |journal=Transactional Analysis J |date=1999 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=215-21 |accessdate=2019-10-12}}</ref>. In an online study, 75% of those interviewed stated that they felt incomplete, and 66% said they felt inferior compared with [[intact]] males.<ref name="GSoCH"/>* Cases in which children felt ill treated or punished have been documented as well. G. Cansever found in her study on 12 boys aged between 4 and 7 years, who had previously been prepared for their impending circumcision, that the children experienced the operation as an aggressive assault on their bodies.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Cansever

* [[Circumcised ]] males who become fathers frequently manifest [[adamant father syndrome]].

=== Pain Possible operative and postoperative complications ===In the past, advocates Circumcision is surgery. Surgical complications of circumcision claimed that a newborn child's nerve system was not yet fully developed, and that generally may be classified as a result[[Bleeding| hemorrhage]], the child felt no [[paininfection]] during , or surgical misadventure up to and including loss of the circumcision procedure. Anand & Hickey (1987) have shown that newborn children do in fact feel penis and [[paindeath]], and more acutely than adults.<ref name="ananddeacon2022" /><ref name="williams-hickey1987kapilla1993">{{REFjournal |last=AnandWilliams |firstinit=N

|last2=HickeyKapilla |first2init2=L

|title=Pain and its effects in the human neonate and fetusComplications of circumcision

|journal=New Engl Brit J MedSurg

|date=19871993-11-1910 |volume=31780 |issue=2110 |pages=13211231-96 |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/paincomplications/anandwilliams-kapila/

|pubmedID=33170378242285

|DOI=10.1002/bjs.1800801005 |accessdate=2019-11-0827}}</ref> This has led American health associations to recommend doctors take measures to reduce the pain of circumcision in infants.

The [https://www* Intolerance or allergic reactions to the narcotics used.cirp.org/library/statements/aap1999/|AAP Circumcision Policy Statement] (1999) states quite clearly that ''"There is considerable evidence that * Especially in newborns who , where the bodily pain reduction mechanisms are not yet fully developed, local anaesthesia is often insufficient for the operation. Even in conjunction with regional anaesthesia of the dorsal nerve of the [[circumcisedpenis]] without analgesia experience pain and physiologic stress"''. Furthermore, the pain rate of failure to provide sufficient anaesthetic even for experienced anaesthetists is quite severestill 5-10%. The general anaesthesia that would be needed for newborns, however, and requires injections poses significant risks for proper pain management. Sucrose the child, and Acetaminophen ''"cannot , therefore, is only likely to be recommended as the sole method of analgesia"''used in emergencies. Topical cream is no longer thought sufficient as ''"A surgical operation without proper [[pain]] control can lead to the analgesic effect is limited during the phases associated with extensive tissue trauma such as...tightening development of the clamp"''.a specific pain memory<ref>{{REFjournalREFweb |lasturl=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/vorab/experte-warnt-rituelle-beschneidung-veraendert-das-gehirn-der-kinder-a-849534.html |firsttitle=Kinderschmerz-Experte warnt: Rituelle Beschneidung verändert das Gehirn der Kinder |trans-title=American Academy Children's pain expert warns: Ritual circumcision changes the brain of Pediatrics: Circumcision Policy Statement; Task Force on Circumcisionchildren |journallanguage=PediatricsGerman |datelast=1999-03Prof. Dr. med. Boris Zernikow |volumefirst=103 |issuepublisher=3Spiegel Online |pageswebsite=686-93 |urldate=https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/103/3/686#sec2012-08-912 |accessdate=2019-10-11-26 |noteformat= |quote=Statement Reaffirmed Sept. 1, 2005}}</ref> The [[AAFP]] (2002) states quite simply in their [https://www.cirpIn unsedated and partially sedated infants increased secretion of the stress hormone cortisol could be observed for months after the operation.org/library/statements/aafp2002/| position paper]Overall, ''"Newborns experience their pain threshold was lower and the risk of chronic pain during circumcision"increased.''Regardless of these findings, infant circumcisions with insufficient or no anaesthetic are still common practice<ref>{{REFwebREFjournal |last=Garry |init=T |title=Circumcision: Position Paper on Neonatal Circumcision. Board Approved: August 2007 Reaffirmeda survey of fees and practices |websitejournal=Official American Academy of Family Physicians WebsiteOBG Management |urldate=http://www.aafp.org/online/en/home/clinical/clinicalrecs/children/circumcision.html1994 |accessdatevolume=2011-05-02}}</ref> This is not a debatable fact, and yet, it is not widely accepted, even by some doctors. It might be hard for some doctors to accept, as they may have been taught that the infant does not feel [[pain]], and may have performed countless circumcisions with this idea. Usage of anesthesia for infant circumcision is still by no means the rule. Penile injections of anesthetic are now recommended by all of the major medical institutions. In their [http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/no-index/about-ama/13585.shtml Report 10 of the Council on Scientific Affairs], the AMA states ''"When the decision is made to proceed with circumcision, local anesthesia should be provided for the procedure. Ring block or dorsal penile blocks [injections] are most effective. [[EMLA]] cream has limited utility"''. Alarmingly, ''"Despite the clear evidence that newborn males generate brisk pain responses during circumcision, a recent survey of residency training programs found that 26% of programs that taught circumcision provided no instruction on the use of local anesthesia". The AMA reports that "Of physicians performing circumcision, 45% use anesthesia, 71% of pediatricians, 56% of family practitioners, and 25% of obstetricians"''.<ref>{{REFwebOctober |titleissue=Report 10 of the Council on Scientific Affairs (I-99): Neonatal Circumcision |websitepages=American Medical Association Official Website34-6 |url=http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/no-index/about-ama/13585.shtml |accessdate=2011-05-04}}</ref> The AAP's [http://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/prenatal/decisions-to-make/pages/Where-We-Stand-Circumcision.aspx Heatlhy Children website] suggests ''"Your pediatrician (or your obstetrician) should discuss the forms of analgesia that are available"''.<ref>{{REFwebREFjournal |titlelast=Where We Stand: CircumcisionHoward |publisherinit=[[AAP]]CR |datelast2=2011-03-23Howard |urlinit2=http://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/prenatal/decisions-to-make/pages/Where-We-Stand-Circumcision.aspxFM |accessdatelast3=2019-10-12Garfunkel}}</ref> Be that as it may, few forms of analgesia are recommended. There are basically two types of injections to choose from, and the website does not go into the difference between a 'dorsal nerve block' and a 'ring block' injection. |init3=LC |last4=de BlieckGiven what is known from aforementioned official documents, the AAP website may be more informative and effective if it would say ''"Make sure your doctor knows of the ineffectiveness of anything short of local anesthesia, and make sure your baby is given an injection. This is your responsibility, because your doctor may or may not be up to date on the latest understandings of infant sensitivity to pain during circumcision."'' The AAP may be holding back, however, perhaps because this would upset the doctor/parent power relationship, and may cause too much questioning of doctors in general. One may not expect to find this kind of advice on such a website, and yet, anything less than this is a dangerously weak statement. |init4=EA |last5=WeitzmanTo control [[pain]], some physicians that circumcise use Tylenol, sugar,<ref>{{REFweb |init5=M |quotetitle=To calm the baby during the procedure, a sugar filled gauze pacifier soaked with sweet juice is used, Neonatal circumcision and soothing music is played in the room.pain relief: current training practices |urljournal=http://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision-guide.htmlPediatrics |titledate=Parents' Guide to Circumcision1998 |lastvolume=101 |firstissue= |publisherpages=423-8 |dateurl= |accessdate=2011-04-08}}</ref><ref>{{REFwebREFjournal |last=Stang |init=HJ |quotelast2=During the circumcision, your son will receive sugar pacifiers to suck on which reduce his pain perceptions.Snellman |urlinit2=http://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision-before.htmlLW |title=Before Circumcision practice patterns in the CircumcisionUnited States |journal=Pediatrics |date=1998 |lastvolume=101 |firstissue=e5 |publisherpages= |dateurl=2011-04-08 |accessdate=2011-04-08 |note=Link to [[AAP]] website}}</ref> . During procedures which take several minutes, babies tend to fall into a state of stupor, which in the past was falsely interpreted as peaceful sleep, nurturing the belief that babies felt no pain. Measurements taken in those cases revealed a topical creamtypically 3- to 4-fold increase in cortisol levels,which equals a state of severe [[shock]].<ref>{{REFwebREFjournal |last=Gunnar |init=MR |last2=Fisch |init2=RO |quotelast3=Then in our office, he will have topical anesthetic applied to his penis.Korsvik |urlinit3=http://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision-before.htmlS |titlelast4=Before the CircumcisionDonhowe |lastinit4=JM |firsttitle=The effects of circumcision on serum cortisol and behavior |publisherjournal=Psychoneuroendocrinology |date=2011-04-081981 |accessdatevolume=2011-04-086}}</ref> and/or a local anaesthetic injection called a dorsal penile ring block.<ref>{{REFweb |issue=3 |quotepages=We use extensive pain control methods including Tylenol, a sugar solution (to reduce pain perceptions), a topical freezing cream, and a local anesthetic injection.269-75 |url=httphttps://www.pollockclinicscirp.comorg/circumcisionlibrary/pain/gunnar/circumcision-guide.html |titleaccessdate=Parents2019-11-26}}</ref>* Postoperative wound pain, in the case of children' Guide s circumcisions conceivably worsened by the forceful breaking of the preputial adhesions.* Postoperative pain from the exposure of the sensitive glans penis to Circumcisionclothing. This pain will endure for several weeks or even longer in some cases.* Postoperative [[bleeding]] of the wound. This can have severe consequences especially for very young infants, if they are not treated promptly. Their blood volume is only about 85 ml per kilogram of body weight, and even moderate blood loss can lead to hypovolaemia, hypovolaemic [[shock]] and even death.<ref>{{REFbook

|publisheryear=2000 |title=Paediatric Handbook |dateurl= |accessdatework=2011-04-08}}</ref> Topical anaesthetic only serves to numb the area to lessen the pain of the injection |editors=Smart J, but studies have shown that a dorsal penile ring block is not always effective in stopping the pain of circumcisionNolan T.<ref name |edition=6 |volume= |chapter= |page=82 |location="Journal of Perinatology April/May 2002">{{REFjournalAUSC|VIC}}, Australia |lastpublisher=TaeuschBlackwell Science Asia |firstisbn=H. William |initquote=HW |last2accessdate=Martinez |first2note=Alma M.}}</ref><ref>{{REFdocument |init2title=AMAutopsy of Demetrius Manker |last3url=Partridge |first3contribution=J. ColinCase 93-1711 |init3last=JCWetli |last4first=SnidermanCV |first4publisher=SusanMiami: Dade County Medical Examiner Department |init4format=S |last5date=Armstrong1993-Wells06-23 |accessdate=}}</ref> <ref>{{REFjournal |first5last=JenniferHiss |init5init=J |last6last2=Fuentes-AfflickHorowitz |first6init2=ElenaA |init6last3=EKahana |init3=T |title=Pain During Mogen or Plastibell CircumcisionFatal haemorrhage following male ritual circumcision |journal=Journal of PerinatologyJ Clin Forensic Med |date=2000 |volume=227 |issue=3 |pages=21432-84 |url=httphttps://www.naturecirp.comorg/jplibrary/journaldeath/v22hiss1/n3 |accessdate=2019-11-06}}</full/7210653a.htmlref><ref>{{REFdocument |title=Judgement of inquiry into the death of McWillis, Ryleigh Roman Bryan |quoteurl=http://www.circumstitions..more than half of the study group had what we considered excessive paincom/discomfort over the course of the entire proceduredeath-exsang.html |contribution= |pubmedIDlast=Newell |pubmedCIDfirst=TEC |DOIpublisher=Burnaby, B.C.: B.C. Coroner's Service |noteformat=April/May 2002 |date=20022004-0401-19 |accessdate=20112019-0411-0826}}</ref>* Post operative [[lymphoedema]].* Postoperative [[Infection| infections]]. This includes both local infections, which can be treated with local therapy, and systemic infections, requiring systemic antibiotic treatment.<ref name="Clinical Pediatrics August 1986">{{REFjournalREFconference |last=WilliamsonDr. med. Hartmann |first=Paul SWolfgang |url= |place=Rechtsausschuss des Bundestages [Legal Committee of the Bundestag] (German) |title=Stellungnahme zur Anhörung am 26. November 2012 [Opinion on the hearing on 26 November 2012] (German) |date=2012-11-26 |accessdate=}}</ref>* [[Wound dehiscence]], meaning the separation of the edges of the wound or the tissue after suturing.* Adhesion between the surface or rim of the [[Glans penis|glans]] with the neighbouring [[penile skin]], causing [[skin]] pockets and bridges, as well as visually unpleasant results like uneven scars, which make a re-circumcision necessary.* Postoperative [[phimosis]]: a phimotic ring can develop during scarring, which makes a re-circumcision necessary. According to a study by Blalock et al.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Blalock |init=PSHJ |last2=EvansVemulakonda |init2=V |last3=Ritchey |first2init3=Nolan DonovanML |last4=Ribbeck |init2init4=NDM |title=Neonatal Cortisol Response to Circumcision with AnesthesiaOutpatient management of [[phimosis]] Following newborn circumcision |journal=Clinical PediatricsJ Urol |date=2003 |volume=25169 |issue=86 |pages=4122332-64 |url=httphttps://cpjwww.sagepubcirp.comorg/contentlibrary/25complications/8blalock1/412.abstract |quoteaccessdate=The adrenal cortisol response to surgery was not significantly reduced by 2019-11-26}}</ref>, the administration of lidocaineprevalence is 2.9%, according to Leitch<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Leitch |pubmedIDinit=IOW |pubmedCIDtitle=Circumcision - a continuing enigma |DOIjournal=Aust Paediatr J |date=19861970 |volume=6 |issue= |pages=59-0865 |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/general/leitch1/ |accessdate=20112019-0412-0815}}</ref> During 5.5%.* [[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome]] (SIDS).* Knot formation of the veins. If the dorsal vein, which originates in the tip of the [[foreskin]], is cut during circumcisionwithout being clamped and sutured at its origin separately, it starts to develop new branches over time, somp physicians give children sugar pacifiers which can lead to the development of knots.* Possible deformities due to "reduce circumcision include hypoplasia of the [[penis]] (micro-penis) and induratio [[penis]] plastica (skewed penis).* Medical malpractice can also not be ruled out. Injuries, partly or entirely severing the [[Glans penis|glans]] or the [[penis]] can occur.* In rare cases, [[necrosis]], gangrene, ischaemia, keloid formation, and circulatory problems may also occur.* When the circumcision is followed by the ultra-orthodox Jewish ritual of Metzitzah B'Peh (which consists of sucking blood from the wound with the perception mouth), there is a risk of pain"infection with [[herpes]] simplex type 1,which can lead to brain damage or [[death]].<ref>{{REFweb |quote=During the circumcision, your son will receive sugar pacifiers to suck on which reduce his pain perceptions. |url=http://www.pollockclinicsnytimes.com/circumcision2012/03/08/nyregion/infants-death-renews-debate-over-a-circumcision-beforeritual.html?_r=0 |title=Before the Baby’s Death Renews Debate Over a CircumcisionRitual |last=Robbins |first= |publisher=Liz |date=20112012-0403-0807 |accessdate=20112019-0410-0811}}</ref> but === Death ===A study in 2010 estimated approximately 117 neonatal circumcision-related [[Death| deaths]] occur annually in at least the [[United States]], about one studyout of every 77 male neonatal deaths, more than suffocation, auto accidents, data shows that giving sugar to a child doesn't help to reduce the perception of pain in the childor even [[SIDS]].<ref name="Lancet, The Bollinger 2010-10-09">{{REFjournal |last=SlaterBollinger |first=RebeccahDan |init=RD |first2=Laura |init2author-link=LDan Bollinger |last2=CornelissenBoy's Health Advisory |first3=Lorenzo |init3=L |last3=Fabrizi |first4=Debbie |init4=D |last4=Patten |first5=Jan |init5=J |last5=Yoxen |first6=Alan |init6=A |last6=Worley |first7=Stewart |init7title=Lost Boys: An Estimate of U.S |last7=Boyd |first8=Judith |init8=J |last8=Meek |first9=Maria |init9=M |last9=Prof. FitzgeraldCircumcision-Related Infant Deaths |titlejournal=Oral sucrose as an analgesic drug for procedural pain in newborn infantsThymos: a randomised controlled trial |journal=The LancetJournal of Boyhood Studies |volume=3764 |issue=97481 |pages=122578-3290 |url=http://www.thelancetmensstudies.com/journalscontent/lancetb64n267w47m333x0/article/PIIS0140-6736%2810%2961303-7/fulltext?p=7ebbd6b446d940cbbd4274c095754b12π=5 |quote=Our data suggest that oral sucrose does not significantly affect activity in neonatal brain or spinal cord nociceptive circuits, and therefore might not be an effective analgesic drug. The ability of sucrose to reduce clinical observational scores after noxious events in newborn infants should not be interpreted as pain relief.

|DOI=10.3149/thy.0401.78 |date=2010-1004-0926 |accessdate=20112019-0410-0812}}</ref> Post-operative pain and the pain the child must endure during recovery is hardly, if ever, addressed by professionals. It has been shown that an infant's response to [[pain]] can be altered for years as a consequence of circumcision.<ref>{{TaddioA etal 1995}}</ref><ref>{{TaddioA KatzJ IlersichAL KorenG 1997}}</ref>REFweb {{Box |Boxtexturl=<big><b>However, none of the above three procedures totally eliminate painhttp://www. A baby boy will still experience some pain despite any of those analgesic proceduresicgi. Prevention of [[pain]] requires protecting a boy from elective neonatal non-therapeutic circumcision. Only boys who are protected from the medically unnecessary circumcision surgery experience no [[pain]] or [[trauma]].<org/2010/b><04/big>}} === Sexual effects === Circumcision and frenectomy remove tissues with heightened erogenous sensitivity. Boyle et al. (2002) wrote, "the genitally intact male has thousands of fine touch receptors and other highly erogenous nerve endings&mdash;many of which are lost to infant-circumcision."<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Boyle |first=Gregory J. |init=GJ |author-link=Gregory Boyle |first2=Gillian A. |init2=GA |last2=Bensleycauses-100-deaths-each-year-in-us |title=Adverse Sexual and Psychological Effects of Male Infant Circumcisioncircumcision causes 100 deaths each year in US |journallast=Psychological reports |volumefirst=88 |issuepublisher=3, Part 2ICGI |pageswebsite=1105–6[[International Coalition for Genital Integrity]] |urldate=https://www.cirp.org/library/psych/boyle5/ |quote= |pubmedID=11597060 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1046/j.14642010-04-410x.1999.0830s1085.x |date=July 200126

}}</ref> They concluded, "Evidence has See also started to accumulate that male circumcision may result in lifelong physical, sexual, and sometimes psychological harm as wellthe list of [[fatalities]]."

The [[amputation]] of the prepuce results in the loss of the majority of fine== Forced circumcision ==<!--touch neuroreceptors found === United States military ===American soldiers serving in the [[penis]], leaving only the uninhibited protopathic sensibility World War II were subjected to regular inspections of the artificially externalized [[glans penis]]their genitals. The imbalance caused by not having the input from the now ablated fine-touch receptors may be a leading cause of If intact, the changes in sexual behavior noted in [[circumcised]] human malessoldiers risked being ordered to undergo immediate circumcision.<ref>{{REFjournalREFbook |last=Van HoweSchoen |first=Ed |init=RSE |author-link=Robert SEdgar J. Van HoweSchoen |last2year=Cold2005 |init2title=CJOn Circumcision |titleurl=https://books.google.de/books?id=Advantages and Disadvantages of Neonatal Circumcision-zUhdvSt7cgC |journalwork=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volumeeditor=277Dianne Yeakey |issueedition=13 |pagesvolume=1052-7 |urlchapter=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9218663 |quotepages=72-3 |pubmedIDlocation=9218663Georgetown, Canada |pubmedCIDpublisher=RDR Books |DOIisbn=1-157143-123-3 |datequote=1997-04-02For a critical view, see Sorrells, "The History of Circumcision," p. 333

|note=}}</ref>This practice was discontinued at least six decades ago.-->=== Non-therapeutic circumcision of male children ===

Histology Human babies, because they are not yet in possession of language, are incapable of giving or refusing consent to be [[circumcised]]. The element of force has led some scholars to view the circumcision of baby boys as a category of forced circumcision.<ref>For example, Frederick M. Hodges, a medical historian, writes: "In the late 1970s, as the Americans were growing increasingly aware of the male abuses of power rampant throughout the nation's social institutions, influential grass-roots movements protesting the forced circumcision scar shows of American children sprang up nationwide." F. Hodges, "A Short History," p. 31; see also [[amputationLeonard B. Glick|Glick]] neuromas, Schwann cell proliferation ''Marked in Your Flesh'', pp. 273-281.</ref> There are, however, physicians in the United States who argue strongly for non-therapeutic circumcision of newborn babies; and the bulbous collection circumcision is widely accepted as a postnatal procedure in American hospitals.<ref>{{REFbook |last=Fletcher |first=Christopher R. |init=CR |year=1999 |title=Circumcision in America in 1998: Attitudes, Beliefs, and Charges of variably sized neuritesAmerican Physicians |url=http://www.springerlink. com/content/h2150v731233m177/ |work=Male and Female Circumcision |editors=[[AmputationGeorge C. Denniston]] neuromas do not mediate normal sensation , [[Frederick M. Hodges]], [[Marilyn Fayre Milos]] |edition= |volume= |chapter=Section 5 |pages=259-71 |location=New York |publisher=Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers |isbn= |quote= |accessdate=2019-10-12 |note=ID 10.1007/978-0-585-39937-9_19}}</ref> Parental consent is required.<ref>See, e.g., Shephard and are notorious Shephard, ''The Complete Guide'', p. 125.</ref> A statement published by the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] in 1999 claimed that "parents should determine what is in the best interest of the child... It is legitimate for generating painparents to take into account cultural, religious, and ethnic traditions, in additions to the medical factors, when making a decision."<ref name=>Lannon and Bailey, "ColdCJ TaylorJR 1999Circumcision Policy Statement,"p. 691.</ref>however surrogate consent for non-therapeutic circumcision is now viewed as unethical.

=== Death ===A study in 2010 estimated approximately 117 neonatal In the [[United Kingdom]], where non-therapeutic circumcision-related deaths occur annually has now become far less prevalent than in the [[United States]], about one out the written consent of every 77 male neonatal deathsboth parents is required, more than suffocation, auto accidents, or even [[SIDS]]if a physician is to perform a non-therapeutic circumcision of a child.<ref name="Bollinger 2010">{{REFjournal |last=Bollinger |first=Dan |init=D |author-linktitle=Dan Bollinger |last2=BoyRe J (child's Health Advisoryreligious upbringing and circumcision) |titlejournal=Lost Boys: An Estimate of U.S. Circumcision-Related Infant DeathsFamily Court Reports |journaldate=Thymos: Journal of Boyhood Studies2000 |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=78307-9014 |url=httphttps://www.mensstudiescirp.comorg/contentlibrary/b64n267w47m333x0legal/?p=7ebbd6b446d940cbbd4274c095754b12π=5 |quote= |pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.3149Re_J/thy2000.0401.78 |date=2010-04-26html

}}</ref><ref>{{REFweb |url=http://www.icgi.org/2010/04/infant-circumcision-causes-100-deaths-each-year-in(The National Health Service does not provide non-us |title=Infant therapeutic circumcision causes 100 deaths each year in US |last= |first= |publisher=ICGI |website=[[International Coalition for Genital Integrity]] |date=2010-04-26 |accessdate=}}</ref> See also the list of [[fatalities]].)

In recent years, legal writers in several English-speaking countries have been questioning the practice of acceding to parental wishes.<ref>See, e.g., [[Margaret A. Somerville|Somerville]], "Therapeutic and Non-Therapeutic Medical Procedures"; Poulter, ''English Criminal Law''; [[Abbie Chessler|Chessler]], "Justifying the Unjustifiable"; Smith, "Male Circumcision."</ref> For example, critics have pointed out that, in the [[United States]], more than 1.3% of male neonatal deaths are attributable to the complications of non-therapeutic circumcision surgery.<ref name="Bollinger 2010"/>==Video===== Forced Is circumcision healthy?===The video ''Is Circumcision Healthy'' is recommended for parental viewing.<br><br> <youtube>D_3LQjZgdbQ</youtube>

<!--=== United States military Dr. Christopher Guest discusses circumcision===<br><youtube>v=TQIp9f4krVQ</youtube>

American soldiers serving in World War II were subjected to regular inspections of their genitals. If intact, the soldiers risked being ordered to undergo immediate circumcision.<ref>{{REFbook |last=Schoen |first=Ed |init=E |author-link=Edgar J. Schoen |year=2005 |title=On Circumcision |url=https://books.google.de/books?id=-zUhdvSt7cgC |work= |editor=Dianne Yeakey |edition= |volume= |chapter= |pages=72-3 |location=Georgetown, Canada |publisher=RDR Books |isbn=1-157143-123-3 |quotePlastibel circumcision=For a critical view, see Sorrells, "The History of Circumcision," p. 333 |accessdate= |note=}}</ref> This practice was discontinued at least six decades ago.-->

{{UNI|Stanford University|SU}} has published a video of an actual non-therapeutic plastibell circumcision. The infant has received two injections of local anesthesia to deaden the dorsal nerves. The ventral nerves were not deadened so the infant still feels pain. One can his cries on the soundtrack.* [https://med.stanford.edu/newborns/professional-education/circumcision/plastibell-technique.html Plastibell Technique] === Non-therapeutic Gomco clamp circumcision of male children === '''Not for the squeamish:''' This is a video of an actual circumcision with a Gomco clamp. The infant boy received two dorsal penile nerve block (DPNB) analgesic injections but they did not seem to work. * [https://www.reddit.com/r/Intactivism/comments/qbpzqr/trained_medical_professionals_restrain_infant_to/ Circumcision video]

Human babies, ==Recommendations of medical authorities==* [[George Hill| Hill]] (2007) said:<blockquote>Male circumcision is harmful because they are not yet in possession of language, are incapable of giving or refusing consent for being circumcisedit excises healthy tissue and permanently impairs beneficial physiological functions. The element of force has led some scholars Male circumcision also causes psychological problems that tend to view perpetuate the cycle of abuse. Male circumcision of baby boys as is a category costly diversion of forced medical resources away from beneficial services. Male circumcision.<ref>For exampleviolates legal rights, [[human rights]], Frederick Mand ethical standards. HodgesFinally, a medical historian, writes: "In we must remember that males are the late 1970s, as the Americans were growing increasingly aware more vulnerable and sensitive of the abuses of power rampant throughout the nation's social institutionstwo genders and, therefore, influential grass-roots movements protesting deserve the forced circumcision greater degree of American children sprang up nationwide." F. Hodgesprotection from traumatic, "A Short Historyinvasive," p. 31; see also [[Leonard B. Glick|Glick]]injurious, ''Marked in Your Flesh'', ppand unnecessary surgery. 273-281.</ref> There are, however, physicians in For all of these reasons the United States who argue strongly for non-therapeutic circumcision of newborn babies; boys should not be performed and circumcision is widely accepted as a postnatal procedure in American hospitalsthe [[genital integrity]] of all children should be respected and protected.<refname="hill2007">{{REFbookREFjournal |last=FletcherHill |first=Christopher R.George |init=CRG |yearauthor-link=1999George Hill |title=Circumcision in America in 1998: Attitudes, Beliefs, and Charges of American PhysiciansThe case against circumcision |urljournal=http://www.springerlink.com/content/h2150v731233m177/ |work=Male Journal of Men's Health and Female Circumcision |editors=[[George C. Denniston]], [[Frederick M. Hodges]], [[Marilyn Fayre Milos]]Gender |editiondate=2007 |volume=4 |chapterissue=Section 53 |pages=259318-7123 |locationurl=New York |publisher=Kluwer Academichttps://www.academia.edu/8367383/Plenum Publishers |isbn=The_Case_Against_Circumcision

|accessdatepubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI=2019-10-12 |noteaccessdate=ID 10.1007/9782021-005-585-39937-9_1930}}</ref> Parental consent is required.<ref/blockquote>See, e.g* Andrew E.MacNeiiy, Shephard and ShephardHead, ''The Complete Guide''Division of Pediatric Urology, p. 125.</ref> A statement published by the American Academy Department of Pediatrics in 1999 declares that "parents should determine what is in the best interest Urological Sciences, {{UNI|University of the child... It is legitimate for parents to take into account culturalBritish Columbia|UBC}}, religiousVancouver, and ethnic traditionsBC, in additions to the medical factors, when making a decision."(2008) said:<refblockquote>Lannon and BaileyNewborn circumcision remains an area of controversy. Social, "Circumcision Policy Statementcultural," p. 691.</ref> In aesthetic and religious pressures form the United Kingdom, where most common reasons for non-therapeutic circumcision has now become far less prevalent than . Although penile cancer and UTIs are reduced compared with uncircumcised males, the incidence of such illness is so low that circumcision cannot be justified as prophylaxis. The role of the foreskin in [[HIV]] transmission in developed countries is unclear, and safe sexual practice remains the United States, cornerstone of prevention. There remains a written consent lack of knowledge regarding what constitutes the normal foreskin both among parents is required, if and among primary care providers. This lack of knowledge results in a physician is burden of costs to perform a non-therapeutic our health care system in the form of unnecessary urological referrals, expansion of wait times and circumcisions. Routine circumcision of all infants is not justified from a childhealth or cost-benefit perspective.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=MacNeily |first=Andrew |init= |author-link= |etal=no |title=Re J (child's religious upbringing and Routine circumcision): the opposing view |trans-title= |language= |journal=Family Court ReportsCan Urol Assoc J |location= |date=20002007-11 |volume=1 |issue=4 |article= |page= |pages=307395-147 |url=httpshttp://www.cirpeuropepmc.org/libraryarticle/legalPMC/Re_J2422979 |pubmedID=18542825 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.5489/2000cuaj.html455 |accessdate=20192021-1011-1208}}</ref> (The National Health Service does not provide non-therapeutic circumcision.)</blockquote>

In recent years, legal writers in several English-speaking countries have been questioning the practice of acceding to parental wishes.<ref>See, e.g., * The [[Margaret A. Somerville|Somerville]], "Therapeutic and Non-Therapeutic Royal Dutch Medical Procedures"; Poulter, ''English Criminal Law''; [[Abbie Chessler|ChesslerAssociation]], "Justifying the Unjustifiable"; Smith, "Male Circumcision."</ref> For example, critics have pointed out that, in the United States, more than 1.3% of male neonatal deaths are attributable to the complications of non-therapeutic circumcision surgery.<ref name="Bollinger (KNMG) (2010"/>) said:

<blockquote>The official viewpoint of KNMG and other related medical/scientific organisations is that non-therapeutic circumcision of male minors is a violation of children’s rights to autonomy and physical integrity. Contrary to popular belief, circumcision can cause complications – [[bleeding]], infection, [[urethra]]l stricture and panic attacks are particularly common. KNMG is therefore urging a strong policy of deterrence. KNMG is calling upon doctors to actively and insistently inform parents who are considering the procedure of the absence of medical benefits and the danger of complications.<ref>{{REFdocument |title=Non-therapeutic circumcision of male minors |url=Videohttps://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/knmg-non-therapeutic-circumcision-of-male-minors-27-05-2010.pdf |contribution= |last= |first= |publisher=Royal Dutch Medical Association |format=Is circumcision healthy?PDF |date=2010 |accessdate==The video ''Is Circumcision Healthy'' is recommended for parental viewing.2021-11-08}}<br><br/ref> <youtube>D_3LQjZgdbQ</youtubeblockquote>

===Plastibel <blockquote>Ethical and [[human rights]] concerns have been raised regarding elective infant male circumcision===because it is recognised that the foreskin has a functional role, the operation is non-therapeutic and the infant is unable to consent.

{{UNI|Stanford University|SU}} has published a video After reviewing the currently available evidence, the RACP believes that the frequency of an actual non-therapeutic plastibell diseases modifiable by circumcision. The infant has received two injections , the level of local anesthesia to deaden protection offered by circumcision and the dorsal nerves. The ventral nerves were complication rates of circumcision do not deadened so the warrant routine infant still feels paincircumcision in Australia and New Zealand. One can his cries on However it is reasonable for parents to weigh the soundtrackbenefits and risks of circumcision and to make the decision whether or not to circumcise their sons.<ref name="racp2010">{{REFdocument* [ |title=Circumcision of Infant Males |url=https://medwww.stanfordracp.edu.au//docs/newbornsdefault-source/professionaladvocacy-educationlibrary/circumcision/plastibell-techniqueof-infant-males.html Plastibell Technique]pdf |contribution= |last= |first= |publisher=Gomco clamp circumcisionThe Royal Australasian College of Physicians |format=PDF |date=2010-09-01 |accessdate=2021-11-08}}</ref></blockquote>

This is a video of an actual circumcision with a Gomco clamp. The infant boy received two dorsal penile nerve block (DPNB) analgesic injections but they did not seem to work. * [https://www.reddit.com/r/Intactivism/comments/qbpzqr/trained_medical_professionals_restrain_infant_to/ Circumcision video] ==Recommendations of medical authorities==* Medical historian [[George Hill| HillRobert Darby]] (20072014) saidwrote simply:

Male circumcision is harmful because it excises healthy tissue and permanently impairs beneficial physiological functions. Male circumcision also causes psychological problems that tend to perpetuate the cycle of abuse. Male circumcision is a costly diversion of medical resources away from beneficial services. Male "To avoid circumcision violates legal rights, [[human rights]], and ethical standards. Finally, we must remember that males are the more vulnerable and sensitive of the two genders and, therefore, deserve the greater degree of protection from traumatic, invasive, injuriouscomplications,and unnecessary surgery. For all of these reasons the non-therapeutic avoid circumcision of boys should not be performed and the [[genital integrity]] of all children should be respected and protected."<ref name="hill2007">{{REFjournal |last=HillDarby |first=George |init=GR |author-link=George HillRobert Darby |etal=no |title=The case against To avoid circumcision complications, avoid circumcision |trans-title= |language= |journal=Journal of Men's Health and GenderCan Urol Assoc J |location= |date=20072014-08-14 |volume=48 |issue=37-8 |article= |page=231 |pages=318-23 |url=https://wwwcuaj.academiaca/index.eduphp/8367383journal/The_Case_Against_Circumcisionarticle/view/1709/1823 |archived=

|DOI=10.5489/cuaj.1709 |accessdate=20212022-0512-3016

* Andrew E. MacNeiiy, Head, Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Urological Sciences, {{UNI|University of British Columbia|UBC}}, Vancouver, BC, The [[Canadian Paediatric Society]] (2008CPS) (2015) said:

<blockquote>Newborn circumcision remains an area of controversy. Social, cultural, aesthetic and religious pressures form the In most common reasons for non-therapeutic circumcision. Although penile cancer and UTIs are reduced compared with uncircumcised malesjurisdictions, the incidence of such illness authority is so low that circumcision cannot limited only to interventions deemed to be justified as prophylaxismedically necessary. The role of the foreskin In cases in [[HIV]] transmission in developed countries which medical necessity is not established or a proposed treatment is unclearbased on personal preference, and safe sexual practice remains interventions should be deferred until the cornerstone of prevention. There remains a lack of knowledge regarding what constitutes the normal foreskin both among parents and among primary care providers. This lack of knowledge results in a burden of costs individual concerned is able to our health care system in the form of unnecessary urological referrals, expansion of wait times and circumcisions. Routine circumcision of all infants is not justified from a health or cost-benefit perspectivemake their own choices.<refname="CPS2015">{{REFjournal |last=MacNeilySorokin |first=AndrewS. Todd |init=ST

|etallast2=Finlay |first2=JC |author2-link= |last3=noJeffries |titlefirst3=Routine circumcision: the opposing viewAL |transauthor3-titlelink= |etal=yes |languagetitle=Newborn male circumcision |journal=Can Urol Assoc JPaediatr Child Health

|date=20072015-1108 |volume=120 |issue=4 |article= |page=6 |pages=395311-720 |url=httphttps://europepmcwww.ncbi.orgnlm.nih.gov/articlepmc/PMCarticles/2422979PMC4578472/ |quote= |pubmedID=1854282526435672 |pubmedCID=4578472 |DOI=10.54891093/cuajpch/20.4556.311 |accessdate=20212019-1110-0827}}</ref></blockquote>

* The [[Royal Dutch Medical Canadian Urological Association]] (KNMGCUA) (2010) saidconsidered the matter of circumcision and issued a statement in February 2018. The CUA concluded:

<blockquote>The official viewpoint of KNMG "Given the socioeconomic, educational status, and other related medical/scientific organisations is that non-therapeutic circumcision of male minors is a violation health demographics of children’s rights to autonomy and physical integrity. Contrary to popular beliefour population, universal neonatal circumcision can cause complications – [[bleeding]], infection, [[urethra]]l stricture and panic attacks are particularly common. KNMG is therefore urging a strong policy of deterrence. KNMG is calling upon doctors to actively and insistently inform parents who are considering the procedure of cannot be justified based on the absence of medical benefits and the danger of complicationscurrent evidence available.<refname="cua2018">{{REFdocumentREFjournal |last=Dave |first=Sumit |init=S |author-link= |etal=yes |title=NonCanadian Urological Association guideline on the care of the normal foreskin and neonatal circumcision in Canadian infants (abridged version) |journal=Can Urol Assoc J |location= |date=2018-therapeutic circumcision of male minors02 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=18-28 |url=https://wwwcuaj.doctorsopposingcircumcisionca/index.orgphp/wp-contentjournal/uploadsarticle/2016view/095034/knmg-non-therapeutic-circumcision-of-male-minors-27-05-2010.pdf3470 |contributionquote= |lastpubmedID= |firstpubmedCID= |publisherDOI=Royal Dutch Medical Association |format=PDF |date=2010 |accessdate=2021-11-0809}}</ref></blockquote>==British family court opinion==The issue of non-therapeutic circumcision of male children came before the court in the case of ''[[Re B and G (children) (No 2) EWFC 3]] (2015)'' . In that case, Judge Sir James Munby ruled that circumcision of male children caused ''significant harm''. == Rights and ethics == The [[Rights situation on circumcision|rights situation]] is discussed in a separate article.

* The [[Royal Australasian College of PhysiciansImage:Intact vs circumcised.JPG |thumbnail|right|300px| The intact and circumcised human penis, side by side.]] (2010) said:

<blockquote>Ethical The term "circumcision" without a gender qualifier refers specifically to male circumcision. It means "to cut around," and it refers to the [[human rightsexcision]] concerns have been raised regarding elective infant male circumcision because it is recognised that of the [[foreskin has ]] from the penis. The term is inaccurate and a functional role, euphemism because the operation is non-therapeutic and actually cuts off or [[amputation| amputates]] the infant is unable to consent[[foreskin]], which in adults comprises about fifteen square inches of highly functional erogenous tissue.

After reviewing the currently available evidenceCircumcision is most often performed in healthy males for [[Religion and Culture|religious or cultural]] reasons. The procedure may be performed on consenting adults, but it is most often performed on non-consenting minors, particularly newborn children, which is why the RACP believes that the frequency ritual is so controversial. Opponents of diseases modifiable by circumcision, consider the level circumcision of protection offered by circumcision non-consenting minors to be unethical and the a [[human rights]] violation, unless there is concrete [[medical indication]].complication rates of circumcision do not warrant routine infant circumcision in Australia === Consent by surrogates ===and New Zealand. However it is reasonable for parents to weigh Medical ethics has long recognized limitations on the benefits and risks power of circumcision and to make the decision whether or not to circumcise their sonsconsent by surrogates.<ref name="racp2010">{{REFdocumentREFjournal |last=Committee on Bioethics, American Academy of Pediatrics |etal=no |title= Informed consent, parental permission, and assent in pediatric practice |trans-title=Circumcision of Infant Males |language= |journal=Pediatrics |location= |date=1995 |volume=95 |issue=2 |article= |page= |pages=314-17 |url=https://www.racp.educirp.auorg/library/docsethics/default-sourceAAP/advocacy-library/circumcision-of-infant-males.pdf |contributionarchived= |lastquote= |firstpubmedID=7478854 |publisher=The Royal Australasian College of Physicians |formatpubmedCID=PDF |dateDOI=2010-09-01 |accessdate=20212023-1105-0821}}</ref></blockquote> * The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] (AAP) has not re-affirmed its disastrous, failed 2012 Circumcision Policy Statement, which expired in 2017, so currently has no position on child circumcision. * Medical historian [[Robert Darby]] (2014) wrote simply:<blockquote>"To avoid circumcision complications, avoid circumcision."<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Darby |first= |init=R |author-link=Robert DarbyCommittee on Bioethics

|title=To avoid circumcision complications, avoid circumcisionInformed Consent in Decision-Making in Pediatric Practice

|journal=Can Urol Assoc JPediatrics

|date=20142016-08-14 |volume=8138 |issue=7-82

|page=231e20161485

|url=https://cuajwatermark.casilverchair.com/indexpeds_20161485.php/journal/article/view/1709/1823pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAApwwggKYBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggKJMIIChQIBADCCAn4GCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQM8zYHFd0Ylu9Annq_AgEQgIICT24ikc839aJMYOiypqC2G9f7_yKGAGkAekzzbCtck5TElALWVCGNoVSOaA6rDA_dOkQ_LyJnxYlZ88J9-uk15tvlIBbE82_aNyYfq5e9xmEfqD2vh374q3Naz57dxZaUbgxUkKX4PqsiLmYHLvVrr7bQK2MZuuUOKiQU8JZy7lLjkp-PjJO1U9cyIplTAgs_EdvgK8MWWoIsj-X-ZUDImAG63-rlj_qLsy5dYwytmxfCuVa47RdZseLSr2_bdDpwKAKGhq_Ly9rlHZeW_f7fYktVfF_sFTgcJziAlvEQmdyWIw0qf-hlO31Qb3sH6kDdcvHAbm7llY5xa34XLYIt8QR0YFIimgDGFliN4-ce2vjvvrwS85WeeNFhpn-Ywn4Qjpy06hPuLDL-MtI2Z3BZbBsKq4dp8qGu1q9GlXaKw193riTFG9G5bF5GCKmxmt0nCQTthrb_CcK2UhKjZwPekC9zkIUHPZ9BXJt0SM03F_g-GgqbE0hTYKMqNdJ3sHDQu2luFrJ9JEiMzxtP28gJoYh20d2APA0xrRbXBYsFdAlr50gb1BSAbNJhTyx-Kh3geoSHsAYMjPaG7cIbh0jd42pWCUx30vjlAGK8zXTuf7-31oi81CLbHTAJLuzK3NT4Whi17jVq1SbXsIXlWpKc_d-HujCvlb74rkZQ6RG9wkxW7gAKaDqtKv5zTOTMBD9vLVxgp8lDmVA8PFB59Bqd6w-fi86tW132oWQM-mTfwdIBXFbUFXkeTUC5RYyqJQIXAEwLJSRm1RX-LRbKRzgaRQ

|pubmedID=27456510

|DOI=10.54891542/cuajpeds.1709 2016-1485 |format=PDF |accessdate=20222023-1205-1621}}</ref></blockquote>* The [[Canadian Paediatric Society]] (CPS) (2015) said: <blockquote>In most jurisdictions, authority is limited only to interventions deemed to be medically necessary. In cases in which medical necessity is not established or a proposed treatment is based on personal preference, interventions should be deferred until the individual concerned is able to make their own choices.<ref name="CPS2015">{{REFjournal |last=SorokinCommittee on Bioethics |first=S. Todd |initetal=STno |author-linktitle= |last2=Finlay |first2=JC |author2Informed Consent in Decision-link= |last3=Jeffries |first3=ALMaking in Pediatric Practice |author3trans-linktitle= |etal=yes |titlelanguage=Newborn male circumcision |journal=Paediatr Child HealthPediatrics

|date=20152016-08 |volume=20138 |issue=62 |article= |page=e20161484 |pages=311-20 |url=https://wwwwatermark.ncbisilverchair.nlmcom/peds_20161484.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4578472/pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAApwwggKYBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggKJMIIChQIBADCCAn4GCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMYv3coRY-UCYMgTaqAgEQgIICT4di03qn2Hbho3i8Li_78lod0lNMunch25nx1rKvaM_aeFerz5eN6_k8VVeNv-DLocZp28whQr1x4WYDVwSs4uF73vZpYZYuDphYQkwxV1HHgMbZAbHBFuE8QyCHyDvSY-fhQcUl-JrYxa3TbhYgd4bKiU9zfIyXUsCnItroCc9iNrMicPg0v_A0AJJlhxioOlAU-im6OPI06OcCBj78yqkPO0J4nMTN1FLochsOyvZZdtFQQzLhrnM_Gey8K75lFYIBJHA7uzMmP2o5KZ-FTGUkEA_eSpEIpwv2WI4SbtrA8WYk3cQqXOmLIWjkSs9CTELD7CQP29xarr1ANrF_id4CiCX7zIomC2Ciz9lHBEgz8EH2i9Woke_YuZeLax52_6JpdhH1qdMQyF1bByjP8mU98V5_B4BPPiBpKt4pVA_UgtaABRHL8oPv6SwOUQZ2Bc-0_E2tod0VIF1FJBwZRZJm2ZkJPgBSKUo8VBe5Pz_6Vpt2DqLzwqVUYscPsIJMvxl09mMtvJrsBa8yVoTRWj4Rd0OBTMV7zhZskDnYYyrAZ6sHMk0MzvbHilPNbNgU5o7mXmcbFGDgGgWbqrIdT6sVSSfPJm4TnR0HSWbc_EnHhhyye7tVlFGjAsR0R46_DSwEMz8M5DkSln8xfKtX_so9rjCvYeq45wqn09g8DqtV-WHEA9PIrcw5kTcz5I0JkNuW4-vKVU1Xz9XHiYi4Zqbq0vx9NWLdNSYHQSOGMZ1MCAxT152evQdipQB5wokR8Q4rICoJYII5bsmRMYd7JQ |archived=

|pubmedID=2643567227456514 |pubmedCID=4578472 |DOI=10.10931542/pch/20peds.6.3112016-1484 |format=PDF |accessdate=20192023-1005-2721}}</ref></blockquote>

* The Two ethicists, Myers & Earp (2020), have conducted a detailed review and analysis of the claimed medical benefits of ''non-therapeutic'' [[Canadian Urological Associationcircumcision]] (CUA) considered . They have determined than the matter alleged benefits are not material, so they do not support granting of circumcision and issued consent by a statement in February 2018surrogate. The CUA concluded: <blockquote>"Given the socioeconomicIn other words, educational status''Non-therapeutic'' circumcision is not truly healthcare. Moreover, they comment that even the most perfectly executed surgery produces [[trauma]] and health demographics harm to the patient. Circumcision also produces tissue loss and loss of our populationfunction, therefore, universal neonatal circumcision cannot should be justified based on performed only after the individual reaches the current evidence availableage of consent.<u>Consent by a surrogate for a ''non-therapeutic'' circumcision of a minor child is an unethical practice.</u><ref name="cua2018myers2020">{{REFjournal |last=DaveMyers |first=Sumit |init=SA

|last2=Earp |first2= |init2=BD |author2-link=Brian D. Earp |etal=yesno |title=Canadian Urological Association guideline on What is the care of the normal foreskin best age to circumcise? A medical and neonatal circumcision in Canadian infants (abridged version)ethical analysis |trans-title= |language= |journal=Can Urol Assoc JBiosoc Sci

|date=20182020-0209 |volume=1234 |issue=27 |pages=18560-2872 |url=https://cuajonlinelibrary.ca/indexwiley.phpcom/journaldoi/articleabs/view10.1111/5034/3470bioe.12714 |archived=

|pubmedID=32068898

|DOI=10.1111/bioe.12714 |accessdate=20212023-1105-0918}}</ref></blockquote>==British family court opinion=={{SEEALSO}}* [[Adolescent and adult circumcision]]* [[Bodily harm]]* [[Breastfeeding]]* [[Case Histories]]* [[Circumcision maps]]* [[Circumcision methods]]* [[Circumcision scar]]* [[Circumpendium]]* [[Circumstraint]]* [[Documented severe complications of circumcision]]The issue * [[Ethics of non-therapeutic child circumcision of male children came before the court in the case of '']]* [[FGM]]* [[Human rights]]* [[Lymphoedema]]* [[MGM]]* [[Re B and G (children) (No 2) EWFC 3Pain]] (2015)'' . In that case, Judge Sir James Munby ruled that circumcision * [[Psychological issues of male children caused ''significant harm''. circumcision]]== * [[Rights situation on circumcision]]* [[Risks and ethics ==complications]] The * [[Rights situation on Sexual effects of circumcision|rights situation]] is discussed in a separate article.* [[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome]] (SIDS)* [[Image:Intact vs circumcised.JPG |thumbnail|right|300px| The intact and circumcised human penis, side by side.Trauma]]{{LINKS}}

The term "circumcision" without a gender qualifier refers specifically to male circumcision* {{REFweb |url=https://www. It means "to cut around," and it refers to the [[excision]] of the [[foreskin]] from the penis. The term is inaccurate and a euphemism because the operation actually cuts off or [[amputation| amputates]] the [[foreskin]], which in adults comprises about fifteen square inches of highly functional erogenous tissuecirp. org/library/anatomy/garcia/ Circumcision is most often performed in healthy males for [[Religion and Culture |religious or cultural]] reasons. The procedure may be performed on consenting adults, but it is most often performed on non-consenting minors, particularly newborn children, which is why the ritual title=What exactly is so controversial. Opponents of circumcision consider the circumcision of non-consenting minors to be unethical and a [[human rights]] violation, unless there what is concrete [[medical indication]].it not? |last=Garcia |first=Francisco |date= Consent by surrogates ==1995-12-11 |accessdate=2020-09-08}}Medical ethics has long recognized limitations on the power of consent by surrogates.<ref>* {{REFjournal |last=Committee on Bioethics, American Academy of Pediatrics Fleiss |etalfirst=noPaul |titleinit= Informed consent, parental permission, and assent in pediatric practiceP |transauthor-titlelink=Paul M. Fleiss |languagetitle=The foreskin is necessary |journal=Pediatrics |location=Mothering |date=19951997-01 |volume=95 |issue=2 |articlepages=36-45 |pageurl=http://www.noharmm.org/mothering.htm |pagesaccessdate=3142020-06-1729}}*{{REFweb |url=https://www15square.cirporg.orguk/library/ethics/AAPlosses-from-circumcision/ |archivedtitle=Losses from Circumcision |quotelast=Ball |pubmedIDfirst=7478854Peter |pubmedCIDpublisher=15 Square |DOIdate=2003-08-09 |accessdate=2023-0502-2123}}</ref> <ref>* {{REFjournalREFweb |lasturl=Committee on Bioethics |etal=nohttp://members.tranquility.net/~rwinkel/MGM/primer.html |title=Informed Consent Male Circumcision in Decision-Making in Pediatric Practice the USA: A Human Rights Primer |trans-titlelast=Winkel |languagefirst=Rich |journal=Pediatrics |locationauthor-link=Rich Winkel |date=20162005-05-0812 |volumeaccessdate=1382021-01-27 |issue=2 |article=}} |page=e20161485 |pages=* {{REFjournal |urllast=https://watermark.silverchair.com/peds_20161485.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAApwwggKYBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggKJMIIChQIBADCCAn4GCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQM8zYHFd0Ylu9Annq_AgEQgIICT24ikc839aJMYOiypqC2G9f7_yKGAGkAekzzbCtck5TElALWVCGNoVSOaA6rDA_dOkQ_LyJnxYlZ88J9-uk15tvlIBbE82_aNyYfq5e9xmEfqD2vh374q3Naz57dxZaUbgxUkKX4PqsiLmYHLvVrr7bQK2MZuuUOKiQU8JZy7lLjkp-PjJO1U9cyIplTAgs_EdvgK8MWWoIsj-X-ZUDImAG63-rlj_qLsy5dYwytmxfCuVa47RdZseLSr2_bdDpwKAKGhq_Ly9rlHZeW_f7fYktVfF_sFTgcJziAlvEQmdyWIw0qf-hlO31Qb3sH6kDdcvHAbm7llY5xa34XLYIt8QR0YFIimgDGFliN4-ce2vjvvrwS85WeeNFhpn-Ywn4Qjpy06hPuLDL-MtI2Z3BZbBsKq4dp8qGu1q9GlXaKw193riTFG9G5bF5GCKmxmt0nCQTthrb_CcK2UhKjZwPekC9zkIUHPZ9BXJt0SM03F_g-GgqbE0hTYKMqNdJ3sHDQu2luFrJ9JEiMzxtP28gJoYh20d2APA0xrRbXBYsFdAlr50gb1BSAbNJhTyx-Kh3geoSHsAYMjPaG7cIbh0jd42pWCUx30vjlAGK8zXTuf7-31oi81CLbHTAJLuzK3NT4Whi17jVq1SbXsIXlWpKc_d-HujCvlb74rkZQ6RG9wkxW7gAKaDqtKv5zTOTMBD9vLVxgp8lDmVA8PFB59Bqd6w-fi86tW132oWQM-mTfwdIBXFbUFXkeTUC5RYyqJQIXAEwLJSRm1RX-LRbKRzgaRQTesta |archivedfirst=Patrick |quoteinit= |pubmedIDauthor-link=27456510 |pubmedCIDlast2=Block |DOIfirst2=10.1542/pedsWalter E.2016-1485 |formatinit2=PDF |accessdate=2023-05author2-21}}</ref> <ref>{{REFjournal |lastlink=Committee on Bioethics ||etal=no |title=Informed Consent in Decision-Making in Pediatric PracticeLibertarianism and circumcision

|journal=PediatricsInt J Health Poiicy Manag

|date=20162014-0805-26 |volume=1383 |issue=2

|page=e20161484 |pages=33-40 |url=https://watermarkwww.silverchairacademia.comedu/7587653/peds_20161484.pdfLibertarianism_and_Circumcision?tokenemail_work_card=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAApwwggKYBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggKJMIIChQIBADCCAn4GCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMYv3coRY-UCYMgTaqAgEQgIICT4di03qn2Hbho3i8Li_78lod0lNMunch25nx1rKvaM_aeFerz5eN6_k8VVeNv-DLocZp28whQr1x4WYDVwSs4uF73vZpYZYuDphYQkwxV1HHgMbZAbHBFuE8QyCHyDvSY-fhQcUl-JrYxa3TbhYgd4bKiU9zfIyXUsCnItroCc9iNrMicPg0v_A0AJJlhxioOlAU-im6OPI06OcCBj78yqkPO0J4nMTN1FLochsOyvZZdtFQQzLhrnM_Gey8K75lFYIBJHA7uzMmP2o5KZ-FTGUkEA_eSpEIpwv2WI4SbtrA8WYk3cQqXOmLIWjkSs9CTELD7CQP29xarr1ANrF_id4CiCX7zIomC2Ciz9lHBEgz8EH2i9Woke_YuZeLax52_6JpdhH1qdMQyF1bByjP8mU98V5_B4BPPiBpKt4pVA_UgtaABRHL8oPv6SwOUQZ2Bc-0_E2tod0VIF1FJBwZRZJm2ZkJPgBSKUo8VBe5Pz_6Vpt2DqLzwqVUYscPsIJMvxl09mMtvJrsBa8yVoTRWj4Rd0OBTMV7zhZskDnYYyrAZ6sHMk0MzvbHilPNbNgU5o7mXmcbFGDgGgWbqrIdT6sVSSfPJm4TnR0HSWbc_EnHhhyye7tVlFGjAsR0R46_DSwEMz8M5DkSln8xfKtX_so9rjCvYeq45wqn09g8DqtVview-WHEA9PIrcw5kTcz5I0JkNuW4-vKVU1Xz9XHiYi4Zqbq0vx9NWLdNSYHQSOGMZ1MCAxT152evQdipQB5wokR8Q4rICoJYII5bsmRMYd7JQ |archived= |quote=paper |pubmedID=2745651424987720 |pubmedCID=4075101 |DOI=10.154215171/pedsijhpm.2016-1484 |format=PDF2014.51 |accessdate=2023-05-21}}</ref>

Two ethicists, Myers & Earp (2020), have conducted a detailed review and analysis of the claimed medical benefits of ''non* {{REFweb |url=https://intaction.org/what-therapeutic'' [[circumcision]]. They have determined than the alleged benefits are not material, so they do not support granting of consent by a surrogate. In other words, ''Nonis-therapeutic'' circumcision / |title=What is not truly healthcare. Moreover, they comment that even the most perfectly executed surgery produces [[trauma]] and harm to the patient. Circumcision also produces tissue loss and loss of function, therefore, circumcision should be performed only after the individual reaches the age of consent. <u>Consent by a surrogate for a ''non? |last=Simone |first=Judy |author-therapeutic'' circumcision of a minor child is an unethical practicelink= |publisher=Intaction |website=https://intaction.<org/u><ref name |date="myers2020">2020-07-26 |accessdate=2020-10-04 |format= |quote=}}* {{REFjournal |last=MyersDeacon

|init=AM

|last2=EarpMuir

|init2=BDG |author2-link=Brian D. Earp

|title=What is the best age to circumcisemedical evidence on non-therapeutic child circumcision? A medical and ethical analysis

|journal=Int J Biosoc SciImpot Res

|date=20202022-0901-08 |volume=34 |issue=7 |article= |page= |pages=560-72 |url=https://onlinelibrarywww.wileynature.com/doiarticles/abs/10.1111/bioe.12714s41443-021-00502-y

|pubmedID=3206889834997197

|DOI=10.11111038/bioe.12714s41443-021-00502-y |accessdate=2023-0504-1830}}</ref> * {{SEEALSO}}REFweb* [[Adolescent |url=https://intactamerica.org/pros-and adult -cons-of-circumcision]]/* [[Breastfeeding]]* [[Case Histories]]* [[ |title=Pros and Cons of Circumcision maps]](Spoiler: You’ve Been Lied to)* [[Circumcision methods]] |last=Garrett* [[Circumcision scar]] |first=* [[Circumpendium]] |init=CJ* [[Circumstraint]] |publisher=Intact America* [[Documented severe complications of circumcision]] |date=2023-11-10* [[Ethics of non |accessdate=2024-03-therapeutic child circumcision]]22* [[FGM]]}}* [[Human rights]]{{REFweb* [[Lymphoedema]] |url=https://intactamerica.org/groups-who-pressure-you-to-circumcise/* [[MGM]] |title=The 4 Authority Figures and Groups Who Will Pressure You to Circumcise (and What You Can Do)* [[Pain]] |last=Anonymous* [[Psychological issues of male circumcision]] |first=* [[Rights situation on circumcision]] |init=* [[Risks and complications]] |publisher=Intact America* [[Sexual effects of circumcision]] |date=2024-01-24* [[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome]] (SIDS)* [[Trauma]] |accessdate=2024-01-27{{LINKS}} 

|url=https://www.cirpintactamerica.org/library/anatomy/garciakeeping-your-sons-penis-intact/ |title=What exactly is circumcision and what is it not?Keeping Your Son’s Penis Intact: A Guide for Parents |last=GarciaAnonymous |first=Francisco |date=1995-12-11 |accessdate=2020-09-08}}* {{REFjournal |last=Fleiss |first=Paul |init=P |author-link=Paul M. Fleiss |title=The foreskin is necessary |journalpublisher=MotheringIntact America |date=19972024-01 |volume= |issue= |pages=36-45 |url=http://www.noharmm.org/mothering.htm24 |accessdate=20202024-0601-29}}*{{REFweb |url=https://15square.org.uk/losses-from-circumcision/ |title=Losses from Circumcision |last=Ball |first=Peter |publisher=15 Square |date=2003-08-09 |accessdate=2023-02-23

|url=httphttps://membersintactamerica.tranquility.netorg/~rwinkel/MGMtimeline-of-circumcision-suffering/primer.html |title=Male A Timeline of Circumcision in the USASuffering: A Human Rights Primer |last=Winkel |first=Rich |author-link=Rich Winkel |date=2005-05-12 |accessdate=2021-01-27}} * {{REFjournalDetailed Look |last=TestaAnonymous |first=Patrick |init= |author-link= |last2=Block |first2=Walter E. |init2= |author2-link= |etal=no |title=Libertarianism and circumcision |trans-title= |language= |journal=Int J Health Poiicy Manag |locationpublisher=Intact America |date=20142024-0502-2602 |volumeaccessdate=3 |issue= |article= |page= |pages=332024-40 |url=https://www.academia.edu/7587653/Libertarianism_and_Circumcision?email_work_card=view02-paper |pubmedID=24987720 |pubmedCID=4075101 |DOI=10.15171/ijhpm.2014.51 |accessdate=09