Changes

"Male '''circumcision''' (from Latin ''circumcidere'', meaning "to cut around") is the surgical removal or [[amputation]] of the [[foreskin]] (prepuce) , a major part of the human [[penis]]. The foreskin comprises ''more than fifty percent'' of the epithelium of the [[penis]].<ref name="taylor1996">{{TaylorJR LockwoodAP TaylorAJ 1996}}</ref> When the "cutting around" is performed, the foreskin falls off, so [[amputation]] and [[mutilation]] is the result. The amputation destroys the [[Foreskin#Physiological_functions| many protective, immunological, sexual, and sensory physiological functions]] of the foreskin, so it is a very harmful and [[Pain| painful]] surgery.

Cepeda'''Posthectomy''' is the more accurate medical term that more accurately reflects the injury and loss of functional body tissue, but the Biblical [[euphemism]], ''circumcision'', is more commonly used.With reference to involuntary, non-Emiliani et altherapeutic circumcision of children, [[Child Genital Cutting (CGC)]] is a newer term that has been introduced to avoid issues associated with more traditional terms. Bollinger (2023) commentedidentifed CGC as an [[Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)| adverse childhood experience]].<ref name="bollinger2023">{{REFjournal |last=Bollinger |init=D |author-link=Dan Bollinger |last2= |init2= |author2-link= |url=https://kindredmedia.org/2023/02/adverse-childhood-experiences-dysfunctional-households-and-circumcision/ |title=Adverse Childhood Experiences, Dysfunctional Households, And Circumcision. |journal=Kindred |date=2023-02-28 |volume= |issue= |pages= |accessdate=2023-03-01}}<blockquote/ref>Taking the sleve technique as an example of surgical flexibility during circumcision, to the extent that this technique is of such versatility that it allows highly variable quantities of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue to be excised directly from Deacon & Muir (2022) have reviewed the penile body, evidence and to the extent concluded that the prepuce "there is still conceived by segments of the no medical community as "just justification for performing a small piece of skin", we are concerned circumcision prior to an age that aggressive circumcisions are intentionally or unintentionally being performed in pediatric he can assess the known risks and adult patients in the belief that "redundant" or " extra" tissue is being excisedpotential benefits, and choose to give or in the belief that "excesive sensitivitywithhold [[informed consent]] himself." is being reduced to augment ejaculatory latency time.<ref name="cepeda2023deacon2022">{{REFjournal |last=Cepeda-EmilianiDeacon |first=Matthew |init=AM |author-link=Alfonso Cepeda-Emiliani |last2=Gándara-Cortés Muir |first2=Gordon |init2=MG

|title=Immunohistological study of What is the density and distribution of human penile neural tissue: gradient hypothesis |transmedical evidence on non-title=therapeutic child circumcision?

|date=20232022-0501-02 |volume=35 |issue=3 |article= |page= |pages=286-30508 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41443-022021-0056100502-9 |archived= |quote=y |pubmedID=35501394 |pubmedCID=34997197 |DOI=10.1038/s41443-022021-0056100502-9 y |accessdate=20232022-1101-2330

'''Posthectomy''' is a more accurate medical term that more accurately reflects Circumcision was popularized in English-speaking nationns in the injury and loss nineteeth century. The practice of non-therapeutic circumcision of functional body tissueboys now has greatly declined in [[Australia]], [[Canada]], but [[New Zealand]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. It has been gradually declining since 1985 in the Biblical [[euphemismUnited States]], . It has ''circumcisionnever'', is more commonly usedbeen a popular practice in other western nations.  == Historical background ==

With reference to involuntary, non-therapeutic circumcision The [[amputation]] of children, the [[Child Genital Cutting (CGC)foreskin]] is a newer term that has been introduced very old ritual, whose exact origin cannot be verified beyond doubt. Circumcision is believed to avoid issues associated with more traditional terms. Bollinger (2023) identifed CGC as an [[Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)| adverse childhood experience]]have originated in east Africa near the Red Sea well before the dawn of recorded history.<ref name="bollinger2023demeo1997">{{REFjournalREFbook |last=BollingerDeMeo |initfirst=D |author-link=Dan Bollinger |last2year=1997 |init2= |author2-linktitle=The geography of sexual mutilations |url=https://kindredmediawww.org/2023academia.edu/02/adverse-childhood-experiences-dysfunctional-households-and-circumcision4212007/The_Geography_of_Male_and_Female_Genital_Mutilations |titlework=Adverse Childhood Experiences, Dysfunctional Households, And Circumcision.Sexual Mutilations: A Human Tragedy |journaleditors=KindredGeorge C. Denniston, Marilyn Milos |dateedition=2023-02-28

|issuechapter=

|location=New York |publisher=Plenum |isbn=0-306-45589-7 |quote= |accessdate=20232021-0311-0113 |note=}}</ref>Medical historians assume that circumcision already served in ancient history as a way to control the sexuality of slaves and members of the lower classes without compromising their ability to reproduce. In religious history circumcision may be seen as a substitute for human sacrifice. In prehistoric times it was not uncommon to placate the gods with human sacrifice. Castration of slaves or conquered enemies was common as well. Following religious changes this sacrifice was altered, and only a part of the very organ responsible for the creation of new life was sacrificed.

Deacon & Muir (2022) have reviewed [[Image:Circumcision Sakkara 3.jpg|200px|right]] For the [[Aborigines]], the [[Australia| Australian]] natives, the evidence and concluded that "there tradition of circumcision is no medical justification for performing a circumcision prior said to go back to an age that he can assess 10,000 BC. On the known risks and potential benefitsAfrican continent, and choose the first circumcisions are assumed to have emerged around 6000 BC. From ancient Egypt hints of various forms of circumcision date back to give or withhold [[informed consent]] himselfthe time around 3000-2000 BC."The oldest known depiction<ref name="deacon2022">{{REFjournal |last=Deacon |first=Matthew |init=M |author-link= |last2=Muir |first2=Gordon |init2=G |author2-link= |etal=no |title=What is the medical evidence on non-therapeutic child circumcision? |journal= Int J Impot Res |date=2022-01-08REFweb |url=https://wwwcommons.naturewikimedia.comorg/articleswiki/s41443-021-00502-yFile:Circumcision_Sakkara_3.jpg |pubmedIDtitle=34997197 |DOI=10File:Circumcision Sakkara 3.1038/s41443-021-00502-y jpg |accessdate=20222019-0110-3012}}</ref>is an Egyptian tomb relief from the 6th dynasty, approximately 2300-2000 BC. It is not known precisely who was circumcised and why in those times. In many cultures circumcision during puberty serves as a rite of passage, bringing adolescents into the community. As with other painful or humiliating initiation rites, proof of courage and mastering of critical situations are the key motivations. From some African tribes it is also known that the [[amputation]] of the [[foreskin]] is seen as the removal of an inborn piece of femininity from the boys, thus making them men.

The [[amputation]] {{Citation |Text=10 This is my covenant with you and your descendants after you, the covenant you are to keep: Every male among you shall be circumcised. 11 You are to undergo circumcision, and it will be the sign of the [[foreskin]] covenant between me and you. 12 For the generations to come every male among you who is eight days old must be circumcised, including those born in your household or bought with money from a very old ritualforeigner—those who are not your offspring. 13 Whether born in your household or bought with your money, whose exact origin cannot they must be verified beyond doubtcircumcised. Circumcision My covenant in your flesh is believed to have originated be an everlasting covenant. 14 Any [[uncircumcised]] male, who has not been circumcised in east Africa near the Red Sea well before the dawn of recorded historyflesh, will be cut off from his people; he has broken my covenant.<ref name="demeo1997">{{REFbook” |lastAuthor=DeMeoBible |firstSource= |authorGen 17, 10-link= |year=1997 |title=The geography of sexual mutilations |url=https://www.academia.edu/4212007/The_Geography_of_Male_and_Female_Genital_Mutilations |work=Sexual Mutilations: A Human Tragedy |editors=George C. Denniston14, Marilyn Milos |edition= |volume= |chapter= |pages= |location=New York |publisher=Plenum |isbn=0-306-45589-7 |quote= |accessdate=2021-11-13 |note=NIV}}</ref> Medical historians assume that circumcision already served in ancient history as a way to control the sexuality of slaves and members of the lower classes without compromising their ability to reproduce. In religious history circumcision may be seen as a substitute for human sacrifice. In prehistoric times it was not uncommon to placate the gods with human sacrifice. Castration of slaves or conquered enemies was common as well. Following religious changes this sacrifice was altered, and only a part of the very organ responsible for the creation of new life was sacrificed.

According to the anthropologist and sociologist Rabbi Nissan Rubin, the [[Image:Circumcision Sakkara 3.jpgJewish circumcision|200pxJewish form of circumcision]], called ''[[Brit Milah|rightbrit mila]] For '', during the first two millennia did not include the later customary ''[[Aboriginesperiah]]'', namely the complete scraping of the inner [[Australiaforeskin]] from the [[Glans penis| Australianglans]] natives. This was only added around 135 AD, the tradition of circumcision is said to go back make it almost impossible to 10,000 BC. On restore the African continent[[foreskin]] by [[stretching]], which became popular in the first circumcisions are assumed to have emerged around 6000 BCwake of Hellenic influence. From ancient Egypt hints While originally only the tip of various forms of circumcision date back to the time around 3000-2000 BC. The oldest known depiction<ref>{{REFweb |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Circumcision_Sakkara_3.jpg |title=File:Circumcision Sakkara 3.jpg |accessdate=2019-10-12}}</ref> is an Egyptian tomb relief from [[foreskin]] was cut off, ''[[periah]]'' removes the 6th dynasty, approximately 2300-2000 BC. It is not known precisely who was circumcised and why in those timesentire [[foreskin]].

In many cultures circumcision during puberty serves as a rite the Greek society of passage, bringing adolescents into the community. As with other painful or humiliating initiation ritesday, proof of courage a denuded [[Glans penis|glans]] was considered obscene and mastering of critical situations are the key motivationsrisible. From some African tribes it In ultra-orthodox communities, circumcision is also known that followed by the ''[[amputationmohel]] of '', the ritual circumciser, sucking blood from the wound with his mouth. This practice is highly controversial, as it can result in an [[foreskininfection]]with [[herpes] is seen as the removal ] simplex type 1. In New York City, between 2000 and 2011 eleven children were infected with [[herpes]], 10 of an inborn piece whom had to be treated in hospital. Two of femininity from them suffered permanent brain damage, two others died. In the boys12th century, thus making them menthe Jewish philosopher and doctor [[Moses Maimonides| Maimonides]] claimed that circumcision was necessary, as it diminished sexual desires and reduced the pleasure to a degree just sufficient for mere reproduction.

===Judaism=== In [[Judaism]], the tradition of [[Brit Milah| circumcision]] goes back to the [[Abrahamic covenant]] in a passage in the Book of Genesis (17:10-14). It is seen as a covenant between God and man, dating back to the patriarch Abraham. The validity of this passage is increasingly being questioned. {{Citation |Text=10 This is my covenant with you and your descendants after you, the covenant you are to keep: Every male among you shall be circumcised. 11 You are to undergo circumcision, and it will be the sign of the covenant between me and you. 12 For the generations to come every male among you who is eight days old must be circumcised, including those born in your household or bought with money from a foreigner—those who are not your offspring. 13 Whether born in your household or bought with your money, they must be circumcised. My covenant in your flesh is to be an everlasting covenant. 14 Any [[uncircumcised]] male, who has not been circumcised in the flesh, will be cut off from his people; he has broken my covenant.” |Author=Bible |Source=Gen 17, 10-14, NIV}} According to the anthropologist and sociologist Rabbi Nissan Rubin, the [[Jewish circumcision| Jewish form of circumcision]], called ''[[Brit Milah| brit mila]]'', during the first two millennia did not include the later customary ''[[periah]]'', namely the complete scraping of the inner [[foreskin]] from the [[Glans penis|glans]]. This was only added around 135 AD, to make it almost impossible to restore the [[foreskin]] by [[stretching]], which became popular in the wake of Hellenic influence. While originally only the tip of the [[foreskin]] was cut off, ''[[periah]]'' removes the entire [[foreskin]].  In the Greek society of the day, a denuded [[Glans penis|glans]] was considered obscene and risible. In ultra-orthodox communities, circumcision is followed by the ''[[mohel]]'', the ritual circumciser, sucking blood from the wound with his mouth. This practice is highly controversial, as it can result in an infection with [[herpes]] simplex type 1. In New York City, between 2000 and 2011 eleven children were infected with [[herpes]], 10 of whom had to be treated in hospital. Two of them suffered permanent brain damage, two others died. In the 12th century, the Jewish philosopher and doctor [[Moses Maimonides| Maimonides]] claimed that circumcision was necessary, as it diminished sexual desires and reduced the pleasure to a degree just sufficient for mere reproduction. ===Christianity===Jesus was born into a Jewish family in [[Israel]], where [[Judaism]] was the prevailing religion, so He was [[circumcised]] on the eighth day.<ref>{{REFweb |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+2%3A21&version=NASB |title=Gospel of Luke |last=Luke |first=

In Christianity, circumcision is practiced only in the Coptic churchesdenomination. There is no general belief that circumcision is a requirement of Christianity.<ref name="hill2004">{{REFweb

Even the mere existence of a [[foreskin]] was falsoly linked to many illnesses. Among them one could find syphilis, epilepsy, paralysis of the spine, bed wetting, scoliosis (spinal deformity), paralysis of the bladder, club foot, nerve pain in the lower abdomen, tuberculosis and lazy eye. One of the best known advocates of child circumcision was [[John Harvey Kellogg]], co-inventor of the corn flakes bearing his name. In 1888, he wrote:

The [[United States]] and [[Israel ]] are the only industrialized countries in the world to have a high incidence of non-therapeutic infant male circumcision. The vast majority of infant circumcisions performed in the United States are for non-religious, non-medical reasons. See [[History of circumcision]].

There are no [[medical indication| medical indications]] for circumcision of the newborn. The [[circumcision industry ]] offers circumcision of the newborn to the public because of the [[financial incentive]].

Some people claim that circumcision has prophylactic benefits. Especially in the [[USA ]] those arguments have persisted for more then a 100 years, with ever changing diseases circumcision is said to protect against. At first, these were diseases where [[masturbation]] was believed to be the cause. After bacteria and viruses had been discovered, arguments changed, and one after another miscellaneous diseases were cited.

}}</ref>, which found a higher rate of infection with bacterial venereal diseases in [[circumcised ]] than in [[intact ]] men.* The studies by Fleiss et al. (1998) support this.<ref name="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998">{{FleissP HodgesF VanHoweRS 1998}}</ref> According to the [[AAP]], the general sexual behaviour of the male - — such as frequent change in partners and the use of condoms - — has a much higher impact on sexually transmitted diseases then the circumcision status.<ref>{{REFjournal

The fact that the [[USA ]] has both the highest rate percentage of [[circumcised]] males in the western world, as well as the highest [[HIV]] infection rate, makes the studies look dubious. Besides that, several other studies concluded that circumcision does not have a significant impact on the risk of infection with [[HIV]].<ref>{{REFjournal

}}</ref> found that, during the first 6 years of life, the incidence of UTIs [[UTI]]s in boys was 1.8%, but in girls was 6.6%. UTIs are less common in boys after the first year of life. Mueller et al. <ref>{{REFjournal

* Other studies suggest that circumcision is more likely to raise than to lower the generally low risk of acquiring UTI: multiple studies from [[Israel ]] showed a strong correlation between ritual circumcision on the 8th day of life and postoperative UTI.<ref>{{REFjournal

* It can be concluded that circumcision is ineffective as a preventive measure against UTIs[[UTI]].

One should note that the human [[foreskin ]] is endowed by nature with [[Foreskin#Immunological_functions| immunological functions]] that serve to protect the human body from disease.<ref name="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998"/> The [[glans penis ]] receives blood through the frenular artery.<ref>{{REFjournal

In western industrial nations, however, this problem does not exist, in view of the availability of clean water for daily personal hygiene. If the cleaning of the genitals is performed on a daily basis - — and that may be assumed - — no pathogens can accumulate under the [[foreskin]]. Cleaning of the [[Glans penis|glans]] and the area [[preputial sac]] underneath the [[foreskin]] is easy - — they are simply [[Preputial_sac#Washing| washed with warm water along with the rest of the body]], just like the areas between the toes.

In small boys, where the [[foreskin]] cannot be retracted yet, cleaning is not necessary, since the [[Synechia| membrane]] that fuses the [[foreskin]] to the [[Glans penis|glans]] prevents the accumulation of micro-organisms. The so-called "[[Ballooning of the foreskin| ballooning]]", where the [[foreskin]] inflates during urination, is not a serious problemconcern.

But even in areas where there are poorer hygienic conditions and an insufficient access to medical care, the benefits of easier cleaning of a [[circumcised ]] [[penis]] are to be viewed with a critical eye. Although even longer periods without personal hygiene will not result in an accumulation of germs under the [[foreskin]], circumcision itself is not without risk of complications. If the operation is carried out without proper sterility, there is a high risk of an [[infection]] of the wound. This also applies to the treatment of common complications like post-operative [[bleeding]].

The benefit of easier cleaning must be balanced against the risk of promoting serious infections - — among others [[HIV]] - — during the operation. In parts of Africa, several dozen of one tribe's boys die each year as a result of their circumcision.

 == Risks and late effects Pain == Just like tonsil or appendix surgeryIn the past, advocates of circumcision is claimed that a surgical intervention newborn child's nerve system was not yet fully developed, and brings that as a result, the child felt no [[pain]] during the usual risks related to surgical operations, alongside several specific risks of complications and late effectscircumcision procedure. Uberoi et al[[Kanwaljeet J. Singh Anand| Anand]] & Hickey (20221987) report "some men are experiencing a complex negative constellation of psychological, physicalhave shown that newborn children do in fact feel [[pain]], and sexual associations that lead to significant emotional distress directed both internally and externallymore acutely than adults. The posts also reveal a discovery phenomenon wherein men discover the physical and psychological manifestations of the decisions made by others to modify their genitals."<ref name ="uberoi2022anand-hickey1987">{{REFjournal |last=UberoiAnand |first= |init=MKJS |author-link=Kanwaljeet J. Singh Anand |last2=AbdulcadirHickey |first2= |init2=JPR

|last3=Ohi |first3= |init3=DA |author3-link= |last4=Santiago |first4= |init4=JE |author4-link= |last5= |first5= |init5= |author5-link= |last6= |first6= |init6= |author6-link= |last7= |first7= |init7= |author7-link= |last8= |first8= |init8= |author8-link= |last9= |first9= |init9= |author9-link= |etal=yesno |title=Potentially under-recognized late-stage physical Pain and psychosexual complications of non-therapeutic neonatal penile circumcision: a qualitative its effects in the human neonate and quantitative analysis of self-reports from an online community forumfetus

|journal=Int New Engl J Impot ResMed

|date=20221987-1011-2319 |volume=317 |issue= |article= |page=21 |pages=1321-9 |url=https://www.naturecirp.comorg/articleslibrary/pain/anand/s41443-022-00619-8 |archived= |quote=However, in decisions about the use of these techniques, current knowledge suggests that humane considerations should apply as forcefully to the care of neonates and young, nonverbal infants as they do to children and adults in similar painful and stressful situations. |pubmedID=362741893317037

|DOI=10.10381056/s41443-022-00619-8NEJM198711193172105 |accessdate=20232019-0111-08}}</ref>This has led American health associations to recommend doctors take measures to reduce the [[pain]] of circumcision in infants.

=== Possible operative and postoperative complications === The [https://www.cirp.org/library/statements/aap1999/|AAP Circumcision Policy Statement] (1999) states quite clearly that ''"There is surgery. Surgical complications of circumcision generally may be classified as considerable evidence that newborns who are [[Bleeding| hemorrhagecircumcised]]without analgesia experience pain and physiologic stress"''. Furthermore, [[infection]]the pain is quite severe, or surgical misadventure up to and including loss requires injections for proper pain management. Sucrose and Acetaminophen ''"cannot be recommended as the sole method of analgesia"''. Topical cream is no longer thought sufficient as ''"the analgesic effect is limited during the penis and [[death]]phases associated with extensive tissue trauma such as...<ref name=tightening of the clamp"deacon2022" />''.<ref name="williams-kapilla1993">{{REFjournal |last=Williams |init=N |author-linkfirst= |last2=Kapilla |init2=L |author2-link= |etal=no |title=Complications American Academy of circumcision |trans-title= |language=Pediatrics: Circumcision Policy Statement; Task Force on Circumcision |journal=Brit J Surg |location=Pediatrics |date=19931999-1003 |volume=80103 |issue=103 |pages=1231686-693 |url=https://wwwpediatrics.cirpaappublications.org/librarycontent/103/complications3/williams686#sec-kapila/9 |quoteaccessdate=2019-11-26 |pubmedID=8242285 |pubmedCIDnote= |DOI=10Statement Reaffirmed Sept.1002/bjs.1800801005 |accessdate=2019-11-271, 2005

* Intolerance or allergic reactions to the narcotics usedThe [[AAFP]] (2002) states quite simply in their [https://www.cirp.* Especially in newbornsorg/library/statements/aafp2002/| position paper], where the bodily ''"Newborns experience pain reduction mechanisms are during circumcision".''<ref>{{REFweb |title=Circumcision: Position Paper on Neonatal Circumcision. Board Approved: August 2007 Reaffirmed |website=Official American Academy of Family Physicians Website |url=http://www.aafp.org/online/en/home/clinical/clinicalrecs/children/circumcision.html |accessdate=2011-05-02}}</ref> This is not a debatable fact, and yet fully developed, local anaesthesia it is often insufficient not widely accepted, even by some doctors. It might be hard for some doctors to accept, as they may have been taught that the operation. Even in conjunction with regional anaesthesia of the dorsal nerve of the infant does not feel [[penispain]], the rate and may have performed countless circumcisions with this idea. Usage of failure to provide sufficient anaesthetic even anesthesia for experienced anaesthetists infant circumcision is still 5by no means the rule. Penile injections of local anesthetic are now recommended by all of the major medical institutions if a circumcision is to be performed. In their [http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/no-index/about-ama/13585.shtml Report 10%. The general anaesthesia that would be needed for newbornsof the Council on Scientific Affairs], however, poses significant risks for the child, and, therefore, AMA states ''"When the decision is only likely made to proceed with circumcision, local anesthesia should be used in emergenciesprovided for the procedure. [[Ring block]] or [[dorsal penile nerve block]] [injections] are most effective. A surgical operation without proper [[painEMLA]] control can lead to cream has limited utility"''. Alarmingly, ''"Despite the clear evidence that newborn males generate brisk pain responses during circumcision, a recent survey of residency training programs found that 26% of programs that taught circumcision provided no instruction on the development use of local anesthesia". The AMA reports that "Of physicians performing circumcision, 45% use anesthesia, 71% of pediatricians, 56% of family practitioners, and 25% of a specific pain memoryobstetricians"''.<ref>{{REFweb |title=Report 10 of the Council on Scientific Affairs (I-99): Neonatal Circumcision |website=American Medical Association Official Website |url=http://www.spiegelama-assn.deorg/spiegelama/vorabno-index/experteabout-warntama/13585.shtml |accessdate=2011-rituelle05-beschneidung04}}</ref> The AAP's [http://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-veraendertstages/prenatal/decisions-dasto-gehirnmake/pages/Where-derWe-kinderStand-a-849534Circumcision.html |title=Kinderschmerz-Experte warnt: Rituelle Beschneidung verändert das Gehirn der Kinder |trans-title=aspx Heatlhy Childrenwebsite] suggests ''s pain expert warns: Ritual circumcision changes "Your pediatrician (or your obstetrician) should discuss the brain forms of children |language=German |last=Profanalgesia that are available"''. Dr. med. Boris Zernikow<ref>{{REFweb |firsttitle=Where We Stand: Circumcision |publisher=Spiegel Online[[AAP]] |websitedate=2011-03-23 |dateurl=2012http://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-08stages/prenatal/decisions-to-make/pages/Where-We-Stand-12Circumcision.aspx |accessdate=2019-10-11 |format= |quote=12}}</ref>Be that as it may, few forms of analgesia are recommended. In unsedated There are basically two types of injections to choose from, and the website does not go into the difference between a 'dorsal nerve block' and a 'ring block' injection. Given what is known from aforementioned official documents, the AAP website may be more informative and partially sedated infants increased secretion effective if it would say ''"Make sure your doctor knows of the stress hormone cortisol could ineffectiveness of anything short of local anesthesia, and make sure your baby is given an injection. This is your responsibility, because your doctor may or may not be observed for months after up to date on the operationlatest understandings of infant sensitivity to [[pain]] during circumcision. Overall"'' The AAP may be holding back, however, perhaps because this would upset the doctor/parent power relationship, their pain threshold was lower and the risk may cause too much questioning of chronic pain increaseddoctors in general. Regardless One may not expect to find this kind of these findingsadvice on such a website, and yet, anything less than this is a dangerously weak statement. To control [[pain]], some physicians that circumcise use Tylenol, sugar, infant circumcisions with insufficient or no anaesthetic are still common practice<ref>{{REFjournalREFweb |lastquote=GarryTo calm the baby during the procedure, a sugar filled gauze pacifier soaked with sweet juice is used, and soothing music is played in the room. |initurl=Thttp://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision-guide.html |title=Parents' Guide to Circumcision: a survey of fees and practices |journallast=OBG Management |datefirst=1994 |volumepublisher=October |issuedate= |pagesaccessdate=342011-6 |url= |accessdate=04-08}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournalREFweb |lastquote=HowardDuring the circumcision, your son will receive sugar pacifiers to suck on which reduce his pain perceptions. |initurl=CRhttp://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision-before.html |last2title=HowardBefore the Circumcision |init2last=FM |last3first=Garfunkel |init3publisher=LC |last4date=de Blieck2011-04-08 |init4accessdate=EA2011-04-08 |last5=Weitzman}}</ref> a topical cream,<ref>{{REFweb |init5quote=MThen in our office, he will have topical anesthetic applied to his penis. |titleurl=Neonatal http://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision and pain relief: current training practices-before.html |journaltitle=PediatricsBefore the Circumcision |datelast=1998 |volumefirst=101 |issuepublisher= |pagesdate=4232011-8 |url=04-08 |accessdate=2011-04-08}}</ref>and/or a local anaesthetic injection called a dorsal penile ring block.<ref>{{REFjournalREFweb |lastquote=StangWe use extensive pain control methods including Tylenol, a sugar solution (to reduce pain perceptions), a topical freezing cream, and a local anesthetic injection. |initurl=HJ |last2=Snellman |init2=LWhttp://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision-guide.html |title=Parents' Guide to Circumcision practice patterns in the United States |journallast=Pediatrics |datefirst=1998 |volumepublisher=101 |issue=e5 |pages= |urldate= |accessdate= |note=Link to [[AAP]] website2011-04-08}}</ref>. During procedures which take several minutes, babies tend Topical anaesthetic only serves to numb the area to fall into a state lessen the pain of stupor, which in the past was falsely interpreted as peaceful sleepinjection, nurturing the belief but studies have shown that babies felt no pain. Measurements taken in those cases revealed a typically 3- to 4-fold increase [[dorsal penile nerve block]] is only partially effective in cortisol levels, which equals a state of severe stopping the [[shockPain| pain of circumcision]].<refname="Journal of Perinatology April/May 2002">{{REFjournal |last=GunnarTaeusch |first=H. William |init=MRHW |last2=FischMartinez |first2=Alma M. |init2=ROAM |last3=KorsvikPartridge |first3=J. Colin |init3=SJC |last4=DonhoweSniderman |first4=Susan |init4=JMS |last5=Armstrong-Wells |titlefirst5=Jennifer |init5=J |last6=Fuentes-Afflick |first6=Elena |init6=The effects of circumcision on serum cortisol and behaviorE |journaltitle=PsychoneuroendocrinologyPain During Mogen or Plastibell Circumcision |datejournal=1981Journal of Perinatology |volume=622

|pages=269214-758 |url=httpshttp://www.cirpnature.orgcom/libraryjp/journal/v22/n3/full/7210653a.html |quote=...more than half of the study group had what we considered excessive pain/gunnardiscomfort over the course of the entire procedure. |pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI= |note=April/May 2002 |date=2002-04 |accessdate=20192011-1104-2608}}</ref>* Postoperative wound pain, in the case of children's circumcisions conceivably worsened by the forceful breaking of the preputial adhesions.* Postoperative pain from the exposure of the sensitive glans penis to clothing. This pain will endure for several weeks or even longer in some cases.* Postoperative [[bleeding]] of the wound. This can have severe consequences especially for very young infants, if they are not treated promptly. Their blood volume is only about 85 ml per kilogram of body weight, and even moderate blood loss can lead to hypovolaemia, hypovolaemic [[shock]] and even death.<refname="Clinical Pediatrics August 1986">{{REFbookREFjournal |last=Williamson |first=Paul S. |yearinit=2000PS |titlelast2=Paediatric HandbookEvans |urlfirst2=Nolan Donovan |workinit2=ND |editorstitle=Smart J, Nolan T.Neonatal Cortisol Response to Circumcision with Anesthesia |editionjournal=6Clinical Pediatrics |volume=25 |chapterissue=8 |pagepages=82412-6 |locationurl={{AUSChttp://cpj.sagepub.com/content/25/8/412.abstract |VIC}}, Australiaquote=The adrenal cortisol response to surgery was not significantly reduced by the administration of lidocaine. |publisherpubmedID=Blackwell Science Asia |isbnpubmedCID= |quoteDOI= |accessdatedate=1986-08 |noteaccessdate=2011-04-08}}</ref>During circumcision, somp physicians give children sugar pacifiers to "reduce the perception of pain",<ref>{{REFdocumentREFweb |titlequote=Autopsy of Demetrius MankerDuring the circumcision, your son will receive sugar pacifiers to suck on which reduce his pain perceptions. |url=http://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision-before.html |contributiontitle=Case 93-1711Before the Circumcision |last=Wetli |first=CV |publisher=Miami: Dade County Medical Examiner Department |format= |date=19932011-0604-2308 |accessdate=2011-04-08}}</ref> but in at least one study, data shows that giving sugar to a child doesn't help to reduce the perception of pain in the child.<refname="Lancet, The 2010-10-09">{{REFjournal |last=HissSlater |first=Rebeccah |init=JR |first2=Laura |init2=L |last2=HorowitzCornelissen |first3=Lorenzo |init2init3=AL |last3=KahanaFabrizi |first4=Debbie |init4=D |init3last4=TPatten |titlefirst5=Fatal haemorrhage following male ritual circumcisionJan |journalinit5=J Clin Forensic Med |datelast5=2000Yoxen |volumefirst6=7Alan |issueinit6=A |pageslast6=32-4Worley |urlfirst7=https://www.cirp.org/library/death/hiss1/Stewart |accessdateinit7=2019-11-06S}}</ref><ref>{{REFdocument |last7=Boyd |titlefirst8=Judgement of inquiry into the death of McWillis, Ryleigh Roman BryanJudith |urlinit8=http://www.circumstitions.com/death-exsang.htmlJ |contributionlast8=Meek |lastfirst9=NewellMaria |firstinit9=TECM |publisherlast9=Burnaby, B.CProf.Fitzgerald |title=Oral sucrose as an analgesic drug for procedural pain in newborn infants: B.C. Coroner's Servicea randomised controlled trial |formatjournal=The Lancet |datevolume=2004-01-19376 |accessdateissue=2019-11-269748}}</ref>* Post operative [[lymphoedema]].* Postoperative [[Infection | infections]]. This includes both local infections, which can be treated with local therapy, and systemic infections, requiring systemic antibiotic treatment.<ref>{{REFconferencepages=1225-32 |lasturl=Drhttp://www. medthelancet. Hartmanncom/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2810%2961303-7/fulltext |firstquote=WolfgangOur data suggest that oral sucrose does not significantly affect activity in neonatal brain or spinal cord nociceptive circuits, and therefore might not be an effective analgesic drug. The ability of sucrose to reduce clinical observational scores after noxious events in newborn infants should not be interpreted as pain relief. |urlpubmedID= |placepubmedCID=Rechtsausschuss des Bundestages [Legal Committee of the Bundestag] (German) |titleDOI=Stellungnahme zur Anhörung am 26. November 2012 [Opinion on the hearing on 26 November 2012] (German) |date=20122010-1110-2609 |accessdate=2011-04-08}}</ref>Post-operative pain and the pain the child must endure during recovery is hardly, if ever, addressed by professionals. * It has been shown that an infant's response to [[Wound dehiscencepain]]can be altered for years as a consequence of circumcision.<ref>{{TaddioA etal 1995}}</ref><ref>{{TaddioA KatzJ IlersichAL KorenG 1997}}</ref> {{Box|Boxtext=<big><b>However, meaning the separation none of the edges above three procedures totally eliminate pain. A baby boy will still experience some pain despite any of the wound or the tissue after suturingthose analgesic procedures.* Adhesion between the surface or rim Prevention of the [[Glans penis|glanspain]] with requires protecting a boy from elective neonatal non-therapeutic circumcision. Only boys who are protected from the neighbouring medically unnecessary circumcision surgery experience no [[penile skinpain]], causing or [[skintrauma]] pockets .</b></big>}} == Risks and bridges, as well as visually unpleasant results effects ==Just like uneven scarstonsil or appendix surgery, which make circumcision is a re-circumcision necessarysurgical intervention and brings the usual risks related to surgical operations, alongside several specific risks of complications and late effects. Uberoi et al.* Postoperative [[phimosis]]: (2022) report "some men are experiencing a phimotic ring can develop during scarringcomplex negative constellation of psychological, physical, which makes a re-circumcision necessaryand sexual associations that lead to significant emotional distress directed both internally and externally. According to The posts also reveal a study discovery phenomenon wherein men discover the physical and psychological manifestations of the decisions made by Blalock et alothers to modify their genitals."<refname ="uberoi2022">{{REFjournal |last=BlalockUberoi |first= |init=HJM |author-link= |last2=VemulakondaAbdulcadir |first2= |init2=VJ |author2-link= |last3=RitcheyOhi |first3= |init3=MLDA |author3-link= |last4=RibbeckSantiago |first4= |init4=MJE |author4-link= |last5= |titlefirst5=Outpatient management of [[phimosis]] Following newborn circumcision |journalinit5=J Urol |dateauthor5-link=2003 |volumelast6=169 |issuefirst6=6 |pagesinit6=2332 |author6-4link= |urllast7=https://www.cirp.org/library/complications/blalock1/ |accessdatefirst7=2019-11-26}}</ref>, the prevalence is 2.9%, according to Leitch<ref>{{REFjournal |init7= |lastauthor7-link=Leitch |initlast8=IOW |titlefirst8=Circumcision - a continuing enigma |journalinit8=Aust Paediatr J |dateauthor8-link=1970 |volumelast9=6 |issuefirst9= |pagesinit9=59 |author9-65link= |urletal=https://www.cirp.org/library/general/leitch1/yes |accessdatetitle=2019Potentially under-12recognized late-15}}</ref> 5.5%.* [[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome]] (SIDS).* Knot formation stage physical and psychosexual complications of the veins. If the dorsal vein, which originates in the tip of the [[foreskin]], is cut during non-therapeutic neonatal penile circumcision without being clamped : a qualitative and sutured at its origin separately, it starts to develop new branches over time, which can lead to the development quantitative analysis of knots.self-reports from an online community forum* Possible deformities due to circumcision include hypoplasia of the [[penis]] (micro |trans-penis) and induratio [[penis]] plastica (skewed penis).title= |language=* Medical malpractice can also not be ruled out. Injuries, partly or entirely severing the [[Glans penis |glans]] or the [[penis]] can occur.journal=Int J Impot Res* In rare cases, [[necrosis]], gangrene, ischaemia, keloid formation, and circulatory problems may also occur. |location=* When the circumcision is followed by the ultra |date=2022-10-orthodox Jewish ritual of Metzitzah B'Peh (which consists of sucking blood from the wound with the mouth), there is a risk of infection with [[herpes]] simplex type 1, which can lead to brain damage or [[death]].<ref>{{REFweb23 |volume= |issue= |article= |page= |pages= |url=httphttps://www.nytimesnature.com/2012/03/08/nyregionarticles/infantss41443-death022-renews00619-debate-over-a-circumcision-ritual.html?_r8 |archived=0 |titlequote=Baby’s Death Renews Debate Over a Circumcision Ritual |lastpubmedID=Robbins36274189 |firstpubmedCID=Liz |dateDOI=201210.1038/s41443-022-0300619-078 |accessdate=20192023-1001-1108}}</ref> === Physical late effects ===* [[Bodily harm]]* [[Circumcision scar]] is an invariable effect.* An unavoidable late effect of any circumcision is the permanent loss of sexual sensitivity. This is partly due to the removal of sensory tissue. The [[foreskin]] contains very many nerve endings and touch receptors, which account for the major part of male sexual sensation. If the [[foreskin]] is removed, they can no longer provide sexual stimulation. It is also partly due to the fact that the surface of the [[Glans penis|glans]] reacts to the missing protection from friction and drying out by developing a callus layer. This reduces the sensitivity of the remaining nerves in the [[Glans penis|glans]] gradually over the years. The study conducted by Sorrells et al.<ref>{{Sorrells etal 2007}}</ref> found a significant reduction of sensitivity to touch for [[circumcised]] compared to [[intact]] [[penis]]es in adult males. Other studies revealed that [[circumcised]] men use condoms significantly less often than [[intact]] men, since they further limit the sexual sensitivity (see above). * Painful tension can occur when there is too little reserve [[skin]] left to support a full [[erection]]<ref name="taylor1996"/>. This risk is partly dependent on the anatomy of the [[penis]]. While some [[penis]]es already have the majority of their full size when flaccid ([[Flesh Penis]], or "[[shower]]"), others are rather short when flaccid and double or more their size during an [[erection]] ([[Blood Penis]], or "[[grower]]"). Especially in children's circumcision, where the [[penis]] is not yet fully developed, the amount of reserve [[skin]] needed in adulthood cannot be estimated. * Erectile dysfunction: Both the damage inflicted to the blood vessels in the [[foreskin]] and the reduced sexual sensitivity can be causes for reduced erectile function with advancing age.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Money

=== Psychological late Sexual effects === [[Psychological_issues_of_male_circumcision#Circumcision_trauma_in_adults| Psychological late Cepeda-Emiliani et al (2023) cited six reports in the literature of detrimental effects]] are also possible after a of circumcision, especially if the operation was carried out in childhood. On this occasion a variety of [[trauma]] may occurincluding erectile function, sensation, which dependmasturbatory pleasure, among othersorgasm, on age and circumstances sexual satisfaction. The authors also cited three studies of the circumcision. For example, whether the circumcision took place with or without sufficient anaesthesia, if the individual has been informed about the operation beforehand, if he was severe distress in [[circumcised]] against his will or without his consentmen, and also, in the case of due to their infant circumcision, if he was told about it during childhood or had to find it out coincidentally on his own. The psychological late effects with complaints of circumcision are not yet fully researched[[glans]] insensitivity, and many studies took place on rather a small scale. This situation needs to be rectified, because the available studies, as well as the histories of negatively affected men, suggest that these late effects may have more impact than previously assumed. * It was observed that infants, following circumcision without delayed [[painejaculation]] control, had a disturbed bond with their motherand unpleasant sensation.<refname="cepeda2023">{{REFjournal |last=MarshallCepe da-Emiliani |first= |init=REA |author-link=Alfonso Cepeda-Emiliani |last2=PorterGándara-Cortés |first2= |init2=FLM |author2-link= |last3=RogersOtero-Alén |first3= |init3=AGM |etalauthor3-link= |last4=García |first4=yes |titleinit4=Circumcision: II effects upon motherH |author4-infant interactionlink= |journallast5=Early Hum DevSuárez-Quintanilla |datefirst5=1982 |volumeinit5=7J |issueauthor5-link=4 |pageslast6=367García-74Caballero |urlfirst6=https://www.cirp.org/library/birth/marshall2/ |accessdateinit6=2020T |author6-02-01link= |last7=Gallego}}</ref>, as well as problems with nurturing, up to the point of refusal to be fed. The sleeping habits of these babies were also disturbed, with prolonged non-REM sleep and increased waking. |first7= |init7=R* In boys [[circumcised]] in childhood, [[post |author7-traumatic stress disorder]] ([[PTSD]]) could be diagnosed. In a study on Philippine boys, in whom no [[PTSD]] was found prior to the operation, 69% of the boys [[circumcised]] in the traditional ritual and 51% of those [[circumcised]] by standard medical procedures (including anaesthesia) fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD following the operation.<ref>{{REFbooklink= |lastlast8=RamosGarcía-Caballero |initfirst8=S |last2init8=BoyleR |init2author8-link=GJ |yearetal=2001no |title=Understanding circumcisionImmunohistological study of the density and distribution of human penile neural tissue: A Multigradient hypothesis |trans-Disciplinary Approach to a Multi-Dimensional Problemtitle= |urllanguage=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4757-3351-8_14 |workjournal=Int J Impot Res |editorslocation=[[George C. Denniston]], [[Frederick M. Hodges]], [[Marilyn Fayre Milos]] |editiondate=2023-05-02 |volume=35 |chapterissue=3 |article=Ritual and medical circumcision among Filipino boys: evidence of post-traumatic stress disorder |pagespage=253-70 |locationpages=New York286-305 |publisherurl=Kluwer Academichttps:/Plenum Publishers/www.nature.com/articles/s41443-022-00561-9 |isbnarchived=

|accessdatepubmedID=35501394 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1038/s41443-022-00561-9 |noteaccessdate=2023-11-26

* CircumcisionsCircumcision and frenectomy remove tissues with heightened erogenous sensitivity.<ref name="cepeda2023" /> <ref name="winkleman1959">{{WinkelmannRK 1959}}</ref> They concluded, especially those "Evidence has also started to accumulate that happen without consentmale circumcision may result in lifelong physical, sexual, can spark feelings of helplessness and alienation, which can persist sometimes psychological harm as well." The [[amputation]] of the prepuce results in the loss of the majority of fine-touch neuroreceptors found in the [[traumapenis]]. These feeling can also be triggered later, when someone leaving only the uninhibited protopathic sensibility of the artificially externalized [[circumcisedglans penis]] as an infant becomes aware of his circumcision. In an online study, interviewed men stated they felt betrayed - 55% The imbalance caused by not having the mother, 50% by input from the father, and 58% by now ablated fine-touch receptors may be a leading cause of the doctor, and 73% felt that their changes in sexual behavior noted in [[human rightscircumcised]] had been violatedhuman males.<ref name="GSoCH">{{REFwebREFjournal |last=Van Howe |init=RS |author-link=Robert S. Van Howe |last2=Cold |init2=CJ |title=Advantages and Disadvantages of Neonatal Circumcision |journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=277 |issue=13 |pages=1052-7 |url=http://www.circumcisionharmncbi.orgnlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9218663 |titlequote= |pubmedID=9218663 |pubmedCID= |DOI=Global Survey of Circumcision Harm |accessdatedate=20191997-1004-1202 |accessdate=

* It can frequently be found that Histology of the loss is deniedmale circumcision scar shows [[amputation]] neuromas, much as happens with Schwann cell proliferation and the loss bulbous collection of other body partsvariably sized neurites. This denial can lead to fathers having their sons [[circumcisedAmputation]] in order neuromas do not mediate normal sensation and are notorious for generating pain.<ref name="ColdCJ TaylorJR 1999"/> Cepeda-Emiliani et al. (2023) commented:<blockquote> Taking the sleve technique as an example of surgical flexibility during circumcision, to the extent that this technique is of such versatility that it allows highly variable quantities of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue to be reminded excised directly from the penile body, and to the extent that the prepuce is still conceived by segments of their own loss. In this processthe medical community as "just a small piece of skin", we are concerned that aggressive circumcisions are intentionally or unintentionally being performed in pediatric and adult patients in the belief that "redundant" or " extra" tissue is being excised, their own body or in the belief that "excesive sensitivity" is defined as being reduced to augment ejaculatory latency time.<ref name="normalcepeda2023" /></blockquote>The un-anesthetized and un-sedated newborn infant is restrained by being strapped to a special plastic board called the [[circumstraint]]. The procedure is most often an elective, non-therapeutic surgery without [[medical indication]] performed on neonates and children for religious and cultural reasons in violation of the child's [[foreskinhuman rights]]to [[physical integrity] redefined as ], but in older patients may be rarely indicated for therapeutic reasons. It is a foreign objectradical treatment option for pathological [[phimosis]], refractory [[balanoposthitis]] and chronic [[urinary tract infection]]s (UTIs); it is contraindicated in cases of certain genital structure abnormalities or poor general health.  See [[Sexual effects of circumcision]] for more information. Their own parents  === Psychological effects ===[[Psychological_issues_of_male_circumcision#Circumcision_trauma_in_adults| Psychological late effects]] are seen as "good"also possible after a circumcision, so that this image is projected onto especially if the circumcision their parents operation was carried out as well, in order to keep the positive emotion intactchildhood. The father wants to be On this occasion a "good" father later in life as wellvariety of [[trauma]] may occur, which depend, among others, on age and so, following an idealised image circumstances of his own parentsthe circumcision. For example, whether the circumcisiontook place with or without sufficient anaesthesia, which if the individual has been redefined as a "good thing"informed about the operation beforehand, is passed on to his son by having him if he was [[circumcised]] against his will or without his consent, and also, in the case of infant circumcision, if he was told about it during childhood or had to find it out coincidentally on his own. The psychological late effects of circumcision are not yet fully researched, and many studies took place on rather a small scale. This situation needs to be rectified, because the available studies, as wellas the histories of negatively affected men, suggest that these late effects may have more impact than previously assumed.<ref>{{VanderKolkBA 1989}}</ref> * It was observed that infants, following circumcision without [[pain]] control, had a disturbed bond with their mother<ref>{{REFjournal |last=GoldmanMarshall |init=RRE |last2=Porter |author-linkinit2=FL |last3=Rogers |init3=Ronald GoldmanAG |urletal=https://www.cirp.org/library/psych/goldman1/yes |title=The psychological impact of circumcisionCircumcision: II effects upon mother-infant interaction |journal=BJU IntEarly Hum Dev |date=19991982 |volume=837 |issue=Suppl. 14 |pages=93367-10374 |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/birth/marshall2/ |accessdate=20192020-1002-1201}}</ref>, as well as problems with nurturing, up to the point of refusal to be fed. The sleeping habits of these babies were also disturbed, with prolonged non-REM sleep and increased waking. * If the In boys [[circumcised]] male feels incompletein childhood, [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] ([[PTSD]]) could be diagnosed. In a study on Philippine boys, or due in whom no [[PTSD]] was found prior to the missing operation, 69% of the boys [[foreskincircumcised]] disadvantaged compared to in the traditional ritual and 51% of those [[intactcircumcised]] males, an inferiority complex and depression may occur. This can be accompanied by conscious recognition of his own incompleteness, or standard medical procedures (including anaesthesia) fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD following the deficiency may remain completely subconsciousoperation.<ref>{{REFjournalREFbook |last=RhinehartRamos |init=J |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/psych/rhinehart1/S |titlelast2=Neonatal circumcision reconsideredBoyle |journalinit2=Transactional Analysis JGJ |dateyear=19992001 |volumetitle=29Understanding circumcision: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to a Multi-Dimensional Problem |issueurl=3https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4757-3351-8_14 |pageswork=215-21 |accessdateeditors=2019-10-12}}</ref>[[George C. In an online studyDenniston]], 75% of those interviewed stated that they felt incomplete[[Frederick M. Hodges]], and 66% said they felt inferior compared with [[intactMarilyn Fayre Milos]] males.<ref name |edition="GSoCH"/>* Cases in which children felt ill treated or punished have been documented as well. G. Cansever found in her study on 12 boys aged between 4 and 7 years, who had previously been prepared for their impending circumcision, that the children experienced the operation as an aggressive assault on their bodies.<ref>{{REFjournal |lastvolume=Cansever |initchapter=GRitual and medical circumcision among Filipino boys: evidence of post-traumatic stress disorder |datepages=1965253-70 |urllocation=https://www.cirp.org/library/psych/cansever/New York |titlepublisher=Psychological effects of circumcisionKluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers |journalisbn=Brit. J. Med. Psychol |volumequote=38 |pagesaccessdate=321-31 |accessdatenote=2019-10-12}}</ref>* Fear Circumcisions, especially those that happen without consent, can spark feelings of being alone or darknesshelplessness and alienation, which can persist as [[trauma]]. These feeling can also be triggered later, when someone [[circumcised]] as an infant becomes aware of his circumcision. In an online study, interviewed men stated they felt betrayed - 55% by the mother, 50% by the father, and 58% by the doctor, and 73% felt that their [[human rights]] had been violated.<ref name="Levy1945GSoCH">{{REFjournal |last=Levy |first=David M. |init=DMREFweb |url=httpshttp://www.cirpcircumcisionharm.org/library/psych/levy1/ |title=Psychic trauma Global Survey of operations in children; and a note on combat neurosis |journal=American Journal of Diseases of Children |volume=69 |date=1945 |pages=7-25Circumcision Harm

* Fear of doctorsIt can frequently be found that the loss is denied, clinics and also closed rooms.<ref name="Levy1945"/>* Relapse into much as happens with the state loss of bed-wetting, even if the child was already dry beforeother body parts.<ref name="Levy1945"/>* Circumcised males who become This denial can lead to fathers frequently manifest having their sons [[adamant father syndromecircumcised]]in order not to be reminded of their own loss. In this process, their own body is defined as "normal" and the [[Intact Americaforeskin]] (2019) called redefined as a foreign object. Their own parents are seen as "good", so that this image is projected onto the circumcision their parents carried out as well, in order to keep the positive emotion intact. The father wants to be a "good" father later in life as well, and so, following an idealised image of his own parents, circumcision, which has been redefined as a "good thing", is passed on to his son by having him [[Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)| adverse childhood experiencecircumcised]],as well.<ref name-"bollinger2019">{{REFdocument |title=Child genital cutting as an adverse childhood experience |url=http:VanderKolkBA 1989}}<//adversechildhoodexperiences.net/CGC_as_an_ACE.pdfref><ref>{{REFjournal |last=BollingerGoldman |firstinit=DanR |author-link=Dan BollingerRonald Goldman |last2url=Chapinhttps://www.cirp.org/library/psych/goldman1/ |first2title=GeorganneThe psychological impact of circumcision |author2-linkjournal=Georganne ChapinBJU Int |publisherdate=Intact America1999 |locationvolume=Tarrytown83 |formatissue=PDFSuppl. 1 |datepages=201993-08103 |accessdate=20212019-1110-0212

 == Complications ===== Pain ===In * If the past, advocates of circumcision claimed that a newborn child's nerve system was not yet fully developed, and that as a result[[circumcised]] male feels incomplete, or due to the child felt no missing [[painforeskin]] during the circumcision procedure. Anand & Hickey (1987) have shown that newborn children do in fact feel disadvantaged compared to [[painintact]]males, an inferiority complex and more acutely than adults[[depression]] may occur.This can be accompanied by conscious recognition of his own incompleteness, or the deficiency may remain completely subconscious<ref name="anand-hickey1987">{{REFjournal |last=AnandRhinehart |firstinit=J |author-linkurl= |last2=Hickey |first2= |author2-link= |etal=nohttps://www.cirp.org/library/psych/rhinehart1/ |title=Pain and its effects in the human neonate and fetus |trans-title= |language=Neonatal circumcision reconsidered |journal=New Engl Transactional Analysis J Med |location= |date=1987-11-191999 |volume=31729 |issue=213 |pages=1321215-9 |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/pain/anand/ |quote= |pubmedID=3317037 |pubmedCID= |DOI=21 |accessdate=2019-1110-0812}}</ref> This has led American health associations to recommend doctors take measures to reduce the pain . In an online study, 75% of circumcision in infants. The [https://www.cirp.org/library/statements/aap1999/|AAP Circumcision Policy Statement] (1999) states quite clearly those interviewed stated that ''"There is considerable evidence that newborns who are they felt incomplete, and 66% said they felt inferior compared with [[circumcisedintact]] without analgesia experience pain and physiologic stressmales.<ref name="GSoCH"''/>* Cases in which children felt ill treated or punished have been documented as well. G. FurthermoreCansever found in her study on 12 boys aged between 4 and 7 years, the pain is quite severewho had previously been prepared for their impending circumcision, and requires injections for proper pain management. Sucrose and Acetaminophen ''"cannot be recommended as that the sole method of analgesia"''. Topical cream is no longer thought sufficient as ''"children experienced the analgesic effect is limited during the phases associated with extensive tissue trauma such operation as...tightening of the clamp"''an aggressive assault on their bodies.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Cansever |firstinit=G |titledate=American Academy of Pediatrics: Circumcision Policy Statement; Task Force on Circumcision1965 |journalurl=Pediatricshttps://www.cirp.org/library/psych/cansever/ |datetitle=1999-03Psychological effects of circumcision |volumejournal=103Brit. J. Med. Psychol |issuevolume=338 |pages=686-93 |url=https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/103/3/686#sec321-931 |accessdate=2019-1110-26 |note=Statement Reaffirmed Sept. 1, 200512

 The [[AAFP]] (2002) states quite simply in their [https://www* Fear of being alone or darkness.cirp.org/library/statements/aafp2002/| position paper], ''<ref name="Newborns experience pain during circumcisionLevy1945".''<ref>{{REFwebREFjournal |titlelast=Levy |first=Circumcision: Position Paper on Neonatal CircumcisionDavid M. Board Approved: August 2007 Reaffirmed |websiteinit=Official American Academy of Family Physicians WebsiteDM |url=httphttps://www.aafpcirp.org/onlinelibrary/enpsych/homelevy1/clinical/clinicalrecs/children/circumcision.html |accessdatetitle=2011-05-02}}</ref> This is not a debatable fact, Psychic trauma of operations in children; and yet, it is not widely accepted, even by some doctors. It might be hard for some doctors to accept, as they may have been taught that the infant does not feel [[pain]], and may have performed countless circumcisions with this idea. Usage of anesthesia for infant circumcision is still by no means the rule. Penile injections of anesthetic are now recommended by all of the major medical institutions. In their [http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/no-index/about-ama/13585.shtml Report 10 of the Council on Scientific Affairs], the AMA states ''"When the decision is made to proceed with circumcision, local anesthesia should be provided for the procedure. Ring block or dorsal penile blocks [injections] are most effective. [[EMLA]] cream has limited utility"''. Alarmingly, ''"Despite the clear evidence that newborn males generate brisk pain responses during circumcision, a recent survey of residency training programs found that 26% of programs that taught circumcision provided no instruction note on the use of local anesthesia". The AMA reports that "Of physicians performing circumcision, 45% use anesthesia, 71% combat neurosis |journal=American Journal of pediatricians, 56% Diseases of family practitioners, and 25% of obstetricians"''.<ref>{{REFwebChildren |titlevolume=Report 10 of the Council on Scientific Affairs (I-99): Neonatal Circumcision69 |websitedate=American Medical Association Official Website1945 |urlpages=http://www.ama7-assn.org/ama/no-index/about-ama/13585.shtml25 |accessdate=20112019-0510-0412

The AAP's [http://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/prenatal/decisions-to-make/pages/Where-We-Stand-Circumcision.aspx Heatlhy Children website[Intact America]] suggests ''"Your pediatrician (or your obstetrician2019) called circumcision an [[Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) should discuss the forms of analgesia that are available"''.| adverse childhood experience]],<refname-"bollinger2019">{{REFwebREFdocument |title=Where We StandChild genital cutting as an adverse childhood experience |url=http: Circumcision//adversechildhoodexperiences.net/CGC_as_an_ACE.pdf |publisherlast=[[AAP]]Bollinger |datefirst=2011Dan |author-03link=Dan Bollinger |last2=Chapin |first2=Georganne |author2-23link=Georganne Chapin |publisher=Intact America |location=Tarrytown |urlformat=PDF |date=http://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages2019-stages/prenatal/decisions-to-make/pages/Where-We-Stand-Circumcision.aspx08 |accessdate=20192021-1011-1202}}</ref> Be that as it may, few forms of analgesia are recommended. There are basically two types of injections to choose from, and the website does not go into the difference between a 'dorsal nerve block' and a 'ring block' injection.

Given what is known from aforementioned official documents, the AAP website may be more informative == Complications ===== Possible operative and effective if it would say ''"Make sure your doctor knows of the ineffectiveness of anything short of local anesthesia, and make sure your baby postoperative complications ===Circumcision is given an injectionsurgery. This is your responsibility, because your doctor may or may not be up to date on the latest understandings Surgical complications of infant sensitivity to pain during circumcision."'' The AAP generally may be holding backclassified as [[Bleeding| hemorrhage]], however, perhaps because this would upset the doctor/parent power relationship[[infection]], or surgical misadventure up to and may cause too much questioning including loss of doctors in general. One may not expect to find this kind of advice on such a website, the penis and yet, anything less than this is a dangerously weak statement. To control [[paindeath]], some physicians that circumcise use Tylenol, sugar,.<ref name="deacon2022" /><refname="williams-kapilla1993">{{REFwebREFjournal |last=Williams |init=N |author-link= |last2=Kapilla |init2=L |author2-link= |etal=no |title=Complications of circumcision |trans-title= |language= |journal=Brit J Surg |location= |date=1993-10 |volume=80 |issue=10 |quotepages=To calm the baby during the procedure, a sugar filled gauze pacifier soaked with sweet juice is used, and soothing music is played in the room.1231-6 |url=httphttps://www.pollockclinicscirp.comorg/circumcisionlibrary/complications/circumcisionwilliams-guide.htmlkapila/ |title=Parents' Guide to Circumcision |lastquote= |firstpubmedID=8242285 |publisherpubmedCID= |dateDOI=10.1002/bjs.1800801005 |accessdate=20112019-0411-0827}}</ref> * Intolerance or allergic reactions to the narcotics used.* Especially in newborns, where the bodily pain reduction mechanisms are not yet fully developed, local anaesthesia is often insufficient for the operation. Even in conjunction with regional anaesthesia of the dorsal nerve of the [[penis]], the rate of failure to provide sufficient anaesthetic even for experienced anaesthetists is still 5-10%. The general anaesthesia that would be needed for newborns, however, poses significant risks for the child, and, therefore, is only likely to be used in emergencies. A surgical operation without proper [[pain]] control can lead to the development of a specific pain memory<ref>{{REFweb |quote=During the circumcision, your son will receive sugar pacifiers to suck on which reduce his pain perceptions. |url=http://www.pollockclinicsspiegel.comde/spiegel/circumcisionvorab/circumcisionexperte-warnt-rituelle-beschneidung-veraendert-das-gehirn-der-kinder-a-before849534.html |title=Before Kinderschmerz-Experte warnt: Rituelle Beschneidung verändert das Gehirn der Kinder |trans-title=Children's pain expert warns: Ritual circumcision changes the Circumcisionbrain of children |language=German |last=Prof. Dr. med. Boris Zernikow

|publisher=Spiegel Online |datewebsite=2011-04-08 |accessdatedate=20112012-0408-08}}</ref> a topical cream,<ref>{{REFweb12 |quoteaccessdate=Then in our office, he will have topical anesthetic applied to his penis. |url=http://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision2019-10-before.html11 |titleformat=Before the Circumcision |lastquote= |first= |publisher= |date=2011-04-08 |accessdate=2011-04-08}}</ref> . In unsedated and/partially sedated infants increased secretion of the stress hormone cortisol could be observed for months after the operation. Overall, their pain threshold was lower and the risk of chronic pain increased. Regardless of these findings, infant circumcisions with insufficient or a local no anaesthetic injection called a dorsal penile ring block.are still common practice<ref>{{REFwebREFjournal |last=Garry |init=T |quotetitle=We use extensive pain control methods including Tylenol, Circumcision: a sugar solution (to reduce pain perceptions), a topical freezing cream, survey of fees and a local anesthetic injection.practices |urljournal=http://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision-guide.htmlOBG Management |titledate=Parents' Guide to Circumcision1994 |lastvolume=October |firstissue= |publisherpages=34-6 |dateurl= |accessdate=2011-04-08}}</ref> Topical anaesthetic only serves to numb the area to lessen the pain of the injection, but studies have shown that a dorsal penile ring block is not always effective in stopping the pain of circumcision.<ref name="Journal of Perinatology April/May 2002">{{REFjournal |last=TaeuschHoward |firstinit=H. WilliamCR |initlast2=HWHoward |last2init2=MartinezFM |first2last3=Alma M.Garfunkel |init2init3=AMLC |last3last4=Partridgede Blieck |first3init4=J. ColinEA |init3last5=JCWeitzman |last4init5=SnidermanM |first4title=SusanNeonatal circumcision and pain relief: current training practices |init4journal=SPediatrics |last5date=Armstrong-Wells1998 |first5volume=Jennifer101 |init5issue=J |last6pages=Fuentes423-Afflick8 |first6url=Elena |init6accessdate=E}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal |titlelast=Pain During Mogen or Plastibell CircumcisionStang |journalinit=Journal of PerinatologyHJ |volumelast2=22Snellman |issueinit2=3LW |pagestitle=214-8Circumcision practice patterns in the United States |urljournal=http://www.nature.com/jp/journal/v22/n3/full/7210653a.htmlPediatrics |quotedate=...more than half of the study group had what we considered excessive pain/discomfort over the course of the entire procedure.1998 |pubmedIDvolume=101 |pubmedCIDissue=e5 |DOIpages= |noteurl=April/May 2002 |dateaccessdate=2002-04 |accessdatenote=2011-04-08Link to [[AAP]] website}}</ref>. During procedures which take several minutes, babies tend to fall into a state of stupor, which in the past was falsely interpreted as peaceful sleep, nurturing the belief that babies felt no pain. Measurements taken in those cases revealed a typically 3- to 4-fold increase in cortisol levels, which equals a state of severe [[shock]].<ref name="Clinical Pediatrics August 1986">{{REFjournal |last=WilliamsonGunnar |init=MR |last2=Fisch |firstinit2=Paul S.RO |initlast3=PSKorsvik |last2init3=EvansS |first2last4=Nolan DonovanDonhowe |init2init4=NDJM |title=Neonatal Cortisol Response to Circumcision with AnesthesiaThe effects of circumcision on serum cortisol and behavior |journal=Clinical PediatricsPsychoneuroendocrinology |date=1981 |volume=256 |issue=83 |pages=412269-675 |url=httphttps://cpjwww.sagepubcirp.comorg/contentlibrary/25pain/8gunnar/412.abstract |quote=The adrenal cortisol response to surgery was not significantly reduced by the administration of lidocaine. |pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI= |date=1986-08 |accessdate=20112019-0411-0826}}</ref> During circumcision* Postoperative wound pain, somp physicians give in the case of children sugar pacifiers to "reduce 's circumcisions conceivably worsened by the perception forceful breaking of the preputial adhesions.* Postoperative pain",<ref>{{REFweb |quote=During from the exposure of the circumcision, your son will receive sugar pacifiers sensitive glans penis to suck on which reduce his clothing. This pain perceptionswill endure for several weeks or even longer in some cases. |url=http://www* Postoperative [[bleeding]] of the wound.pollockclinicsThis can have severe consequences especially for very young infants, if they are not treated promptly.com/circumcision/circumcision-beforeTheir blood volume is only about 85 ml per kilogram of body weight, and even moderate blood loss can lead to hypovolaemia, hypovolaemic [[shock]] and even death.html |title=Before the Circumcision<ref>{{REFbook

|publisheryear=2000 |datetitle=2011-04-08Paediatric Handbook |accessdateurl=2011-04-08}}</ref> but in at least one study, data shows that giving sugar to a child doesn't help to reduce the perception of pain in the child.<ref name="Lancet, The 2010-10-09">{{REFjournal |lastwork=Slater |firsteditors=RebeccahSmart J, Nolan T. |initedition=R6 |first2volume=Laura |init2chapter=L |last2page=Cornelissen82 |first3location=Lorenzo{{AUSC|VIC}}, Australia |init3publisher=LBlackwell Science Asia |last3isbn=Fabrizi |first4quote=Debbie |init4accessdate=D |last4note=Patten}}</ref><ref>{{REFdocument |first5title=JanAutopsy of Demetrius Manker |init5url=J |last5contribution=YoxenCase 93-1711 |first6last=AlanWetli |init6first=ACV |last6publisher=WorleyMiami: Dade County Medical Examiner Department |first7format=Stewart |init7date=S1993-06-23 |last7accessdate=Boyd}}</ref> <ref>{{REFjournal |first8last=JudithHiss |init8init=J |last8last2=MeekHorowitz |first9init2=MariaA |init9last3=MKahana |last9init3=Prof. FitzgeraldT |title=Oral sucrose as an analgesic drug for procedural pain in newborn infants: a randomised controlled trialFatal haemorrhage following male ritual circumcision |journal=The LancetJ Clin Forensic Med |date=2000 |volume=3767 |issue=9748 |pages=122532-324 |url=httphttps://www.thelancetcirp.comorg/journalslibrary/lancetdeath/articlehiss1/PIIS0140-6736%2810%2961303-7/fulltext |quote=Our data suggest that oral sucrose does not significantly affect activity in neonatal brain or spinal cord nociceptive circuits, and therefore might not be an effective analgesic drug. The ability of sucrose to reduce clinical observational scores after noxious events in newborn infants should not be interpreted as pain relief. |pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI= |date=2010-10-09 |accessdate=20112019-04-08}}</ref> Post11-operative pain and the pain the child must endure during recovery is hardly, if ever, addressed by professionals.06 It has been shown that an infant's response to [[pain]] can be altered for years as a consequence of circumcision.<ref>{{TaddioA etal 1995}}</ref><ref>{{TaddioA KatzJ IlersichAL KorenG 1997}}</ref>REFdocument {{Box |Boxtexttitle=<big><b>However, none Judgement of inquiry into the above three procedures totally eliminate pain. A baby boy will still experience some pain despite any death of those analgesic procedures. Prevention of [[pain]] requires protecting a boy from elective neonatal non-therapeutic circumcision. Only boys who are protected from the medically unnecessary circumcision surgery experience no [[pain]] or [[trauma]].</b></big>}}McWillis, Ryleigh Roman Bryan |url=== Sexual effects === Circumcision and frenectomy remove tissues with heightened erogenous sensitivity.<ref name="cepeda2023" http:/> <ref name="winkleman1959">{{WinkelmannRK 1959}}</ref> They concluded, "Evidence has also started to accumulate that male circumcision may result in lifelong physical, sexual, and sometimes psychological harm as wellwww." The [[amputation]] of the prepuce results in the loss of the majority of fine-touch neuroreceptors found in the [[penis]], leaving only the uninhibited protopathic sensibility of the artificially externalized [[glans penis]]circumstitions. The imbalance caused by not having the input from the now ablated finecom/death-touch receptors may be a leading cause of the changes in sexual behavior noted in [[circumcised]] human malesexsang.<ref>{{REFjournalhtml |lastcontribution=Van Howe |initlast=RSNewell |author-linkfirst=Robert S. Van HoweTEC |last2publisher=Cold |init2=CJ |title=Advantages and Disadvantages of Neonatal Circumcision |journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=277 |issue=13 |pages=1052-7 |url=http://wwwBurnaby, B.ncbiC.nlm: B.nihC.gov/pubmed/9218663Coroner's Service |quote= |pubmedID=9218663 |pubmedCID= |DOIformat= |date=19972004-0401-0219 |accessdate=2019-11-26

 Histology of the male circumcision scar shows * Post operative [[amputationlymphoedema]] neuromas, Schwann cell proliferation and the bulbous collection of variably sized neurites. * Postoperative [[AmputationInfection| infections]] neuromas do not mediate normal sensation . This includes both local infections, which can be treated with local therapy, and are notorious for generating painsystemic infections, requiring systemic antibiotic treatment.<ref name>{{REFconference |last=Dr. med. Hartmann |first="ColdCJ TaylorJR 1999"/>Wolfgang |url=See |place=Rechtsausschuss des Bundestages [[Sexual effects Legal Committee of circumcisionthe Bundestag] (German) |title=Stellungnahme zur Anhörung am 26. November 2012 [Opinion on the hearing on 26 November 2012] for more information.(German) |date=2012-11-26 |accessdate=== Death ===A study in 2010 estimated approximately 117 neonatal circumcision-related deaths occur annually in }}</ref>* [[Wound dehiscence]], meaning the separation of the edges of the wound or the tissue after suturing.* Adhesion between the United States, about one out surface or rim of every 77 male neonatal deathsthe [[Glans penis|glans]] with the neighbouring [[penile skin]], more than suffocationcausing [[skin]] pockets and bridges, auto accidentsas well as visually unpleasant results like uneven scars, or even which make a re-circumcision necessary.* Postoperative [[SIDSphimosis]]: a phimotic ring can develop during scarring, which makes a re-circumcision necessary. According to a study by Blalock et al.<ref name="Bollinger 2010">{{REFjournal |last=BollingerBlalock |firstinit=DanHJ |initlast2=DVemulakonda |author-linkinit2=Dan BollingerV |last2last3=Boy's Health AdvisoryRitchey |titleinit3=Lost Boys: An Estimate of U.S. Circumcision-Related Infant DeathsML |journallast4=Thymos: Journal of Boyhood StudiesRibbeck |volumeinit4=4M |issuetitle=1Outpatient management of [[phimosis]] Following newborn circumcision |pagesjournal=78-90J Urol |url=http://www.mensstudies.com/content/b64n267w47m333x0/?p=7ebbd6b446d940cbbd4274c095754b12πdate=52003 |quotevolume=169 |pubmedIDissue=6 |pubmedCIDpages=2332-4 |DOIurl=10.3149https://thywww.0401cirp.78 |date=2010-04-26org/library/complications/blalock1/ |accessdate=2019-1011-1226}}</ref>, the prevalence is 2.9%, according to Leitch<ref>{{REFwebREFjournal |last=Leitch |urlinit=http://www.icgi.org/2010/04/infant-circumcision-causes-100-deaths-each-year-in-usIOW |title=Infant circumcision causes 100 deaths each year in USCircumcision - a continuing enigma |lastjournal=Aust Paediatr J |firstdate=1970 |publishervolume=ICGI6 |websiteissue=[[International Coalition for Genital Integrity]] |datepages=201059-04-2665 |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/general/leitch1/ |accessdate=2019-12-15}}</ref> See also 5.5%.* [[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome]] (SIDS).* Knot formation of the veins. If the dorsal vein, which originates in the list tip of the [[fatalitiesforeskin]], is cut during circumcision without being clamped and sutured at its origin separately, it starts to develop new branches over time, which can lead to the development of knots.* Possible deformities due to circumcision include hypoplasia of the [[penis]] (micro-penis) and induratio [[penis]] plastica (skewed penis).== Forced circumcision ==* Medical malpractice can also not be ruled out. Injuries, partly or entirely severing the [[Glans penis|glans]] or the [[penis]] can occur.* In rare cases, [[necrosis]], gangrene, ischaemia, keloid formation, and circulatory problems may also occur.<!* When the circumcision is followed by the ultra--=== United States military === American soldiers serving in World War II were subjected to regular inspections orthodox Jewish ritual of Metzitzah B'Peh (which consists of sucking blood from the wound with the mouth), there is a risk of their genitals. If intactinfection with [[herpes]] simplex type 1, the soldiers risked being ordered which can lead to undergo immediate circumcisionbrain damage or [[death]].<ref>{{REFbook |last=Schoen |first=Ed |init=E |author-link=Edgar J. Schoen |year=2005 |title=On CircumcisionREFweb |url=httpshttp://bookswww.googlenytimes.decom/books2012/03/08/nyregion/infants-death-renews-debate-over-a-circumcision-ritual.html?id_r=-zUhdvSt7cgC0 |worktitle=Baby’s Death Renews Debate Over a Circumcision Ritual |editorlast=Dianne YeakeyRobbins |editionfirst=Liz |volumedate= |chapter= |pages=722012-03-307 |locationaccessdate=Georgetown, Canada |publisher=RDR Books |isbn=12019-15714310-123-3 |quote=For a critical view, see Sorrells, "The History of Circumcision," p. 333 |accessdate= |note=11}}</ref> This practice was discontinued at least six decades ago.--> === Non-therapeutic circumcision of male children Death === Human babies, because they are not yet A study in possession of language, are incapable of giving or refusing consent to be 2010 estimated approximately 117 neonatal circumcision-related [[circumcisedDeath| deaths]]. The element of force has led some scholars to view occur annually in the circumcision of baby boys as a category of forced circumcision.<ref>For example[[United States]], Frederick M. Hodges, a medical historian, writes: "In the late 1970s, as the Americans were growing increasingly aware about one out of the abuses of power rampant throughout the nation's social institutionsevery 77 male neonatal deaths, influential grass-roots movements protesting the forced circumcision of American children sprang up nationwide." F. Hodgesmore than suffocation, "A Short Historyauto accidents," p. 31; see also or even [[Leonard B. Glick|GlickSIDS]], ''Marked in Your Flesh'', pp. 273-281.</ref> There are, however, physicians in the United States who argue strongly for non-therapeutic circumcision of newborn babies; and circumcision is widely accepted as a postnatal procedure in American hospitals.<refname="Bollinger 2010">{{REFbookREFjournal |last=FletcherBollinger |first=Christopher R.Dan |init=CRD |yearauthor-link=1999Dan Bollinger |titlelast2=Circumcision in America in 1998: Attitudes, Beliefs, and Charges of American PhysiciansBoy's Health Advisory |urltitle=httpLost Boys://wwwAn Estimate of U.springerlinkS.com/content/h2150v731233m177/ |work=Male and Female Circumcision-Related Infant Deaths |editors=[[George C. Denniston]], [[Frederick M. Hodges]], [[Marilyn Fayre Milos]] |editionjournal=Thymos: Journal of Boyhood Studies |volume=4 |chapterissue=Section 51 |pages=25978-7190 |locationurl=New York |publisherhttp://www.mensstudies.com/content/b64n267w47m333x0/?p=Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers |isbn7ebbd6b446d940cbbd4274c095754b12π=5

|note=ID 10.1007/978-0-585-39937-9_19}}</ref> Parental consent is required.<ref>See, e{{REFweb |url=http://www.gicgi., Shephard and Shephard, ''The Complete Guide'', p. 125.<org/2010/ref> A statement published by the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] in 1999 claimed that "parents should determine what is in the best interest of the child... It is legitimate for parents to take into account cultural, religious, and ethnic traditions, in additions to the medical factors, when making a decision."<ref>Lannon and Bailey, "Circumcision Policy Statement," p. 691.<04/ref> however surrogate consent for noninfant-therapeutic circumcision is now viewed as unethical. In the [[United Kingdom]], where non-therapeutic circumcision has now become far less prevalent than causes-100-deaths-each-year-in the [[United States]], the written consent of both parents is required, if a physician is to perform a non-therapeutic us |title=Infant circumcision of a child.<ref>{{REFjournalcauses 100 deaths each year in US

|titlepublisher=Re J (child's religious upbringing and circumcision)ICGI |journalwebsite=Family Court Reports[[International Coalition for Genital Integrity]] |date=2000 |volume=1 |issue= |pages=3072010-04-14 |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/legal/Re_J/2000.html26 |accessdate=2019-10-12}}</ref> (The National Health Service does not provide non-therapeutic circumcisionSee also the list of [[fatalities]].)

In recent years== Forced circumcision ==<!--=== United States military ===American soldiers serving in World War II were subjected to regular inspections of their genitals. If intact, legal writers in several English-speaking countries have been questioning the practice of acceding soldiers risked being ordered to parental wishesundergo immediate circumcision.<ref>See, e{{REFbook |last=Schoen |first=Ed |init=E |author-link=Edgar J.g., [[Margaret A. SomervilleSchoen |Somerville]], "Therapeutic and Non-Therapeutic Medical Procedures"; Poulter, ''English Criminal Law''; [[Abbie Chessleryear=2005 |Chessler]], "Justifying the Unjustifiable"; Smith, "Male title=On Circumcision."< |url=https://ref> For example, critics have pointed out that, in the [[United States]], more than 1books.3% of male neonatal deaths are attributable to the complications of non-therapeutic circumcision surgerygoogle.<ref namede/books?id="Bollinger 2010"/>-zUhdvSt7cgC |work= |editor=Dianne Yeakey |edition=Video |volume= |chapter= |pages=72-3 |location=Georgetown, Canada |publisher=Is circumcision healthy?RDR Books |isbn=1-157143-123-3 |quote==For a critical view, see Sorrells, "The video ''Is History of Circumcision Healthy'' is recommended for parental viewing," p.333<br><br> |accessdate= |note=}}<youtube/ref>D_3LQjZgdbQ</youtubeThis practice was discontinued at least six decades ago.-->=== Non-therapeutic circumcision of male children ===

Human babies, because they are not yet in possession of language, are incapable of giving or refusing consent to be [[circumcised]]. The element of force has led some scholars to view the circumcision of baby boys as a category of forced circumcision.<ref>For example, Frederick M. Hodges, a medical historian, writes: "In the late 1970s, as the Americans were growing increasingly aware of the abuses of power rampant throughout the nation's social institutions, influential grass-roots movements protesting the forced circumcision of American children sprang up nationwide." F. Hodges, "A Short History," p. 31; see also [[Leonard B. Glick|Glick]], ''Marked in Your Flesh'', pp. 273-281.</ref> There are, however, physicians in the United States who argue strongly for non-therapeutic circumcision of newborn babies; and circumcision is widely accepted as a postnatal procedure in American hospitals.<ref>{{REFbook |last=Fletcher |first=Christopher R. |init=Dr. Christopher Guest discusses circumcisionCR |year=1999 |title=Circumcision in America in 1998: Attitudes, Beliefs, and Charges of American Physicians |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/h2150v731233m177/<br> |work=Male and Female Circumcision<youtube>v |editors=TQIp9f4krVQ</youtube>[[George C. Denniston]], [[Frederick M. Hodges]], [[Marilyn Fayre Milos]] |edition= |volume= |chapter=Section 5 |pages=Plastibel circumcision259-71 |location=New York |publisher=Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers |isbn= |quote={{UNI |Stanford Universityaccessdate=2019-10-12 |SUnote=ID 10.1007/978-0-585-39937-9_19}} has </ref> Parental consent is required.<ref>See, e.g., Shephard and Shephard, ''The Complete Guide'', p. 125.</ref> A statement published a video by the [[American Academy of an actual non-therapeutic plastibell circumcision. The infant has received two injections Pediatrics]] in 1999 claimed that "parents should determine what is in the best interest of local anesthesia to deaden the dorsal nerveschild.. The ventral nerves were not deadened so the infant still feels pain. One can his cries on It is legitimate for parents to take into account cultural, religious, and ethnic traditions, in additions to the soundtrackmedical factors, when making a decision.* [https://med"<ref>Lannon and Bailey, "Circumcision Policy Statement," p.stanford691.edu</newborns/professionalref> however surrogate consent for non-education/therapeutic circumcision/plastibell-techniqueis now viewed as unethical.html Plastibell Technique]

In the [[United Kingdom]], where non-therapeutic circumcision has now become far less prevalent than in the [[United States]], the written consent of both parents is required, if a physician is to perform a non-therapeutic circumcision of a child.<ref>{{REFjournal |last= |first= |title=Gomco clamp Re J (child's religious upbringing and circumcision) |journal=Family Court Reports |date=2000 |volume=1 |issue= |pages=307-14 |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/legal/Re_J/2000.html |accessdate=2019-10-12}}</ref> (The National Health Service does not provide non-therapeutic circumcision.)

In recent years, legal writers in several English-speaking countries have been questioning the practice of acceding to parental wishes.<ref>See, e.g., [[Margaret A. Somerville|Somerville]], "Therapeutic and Non-Therapeutic Medical Procedures"; Poulter, ''English Criminal Law''; [[Abbie Chessler|Chessler]], "Justifying the Unjustifiable"; Smith, "Male Circumcision."</ref> For example, critics have pointed out that, in the [[United States]], more than 1.3% of male neonatal deaths are attributable to the complications of non-therapeutic circumcision surgery.<ref name="Bollinger 2010"/>==Video=====Is circumcision healthy?===The video ''Is Circumcision Healthy'' is recommended for parental viewing.<br><br> <youtube>D_3LQjZgdbQ</youtube> ===Dr. Christopher Guest discusses circumcision===<br><youtube>v=TQIp9f4krVQ</youtube> ===Plastibel circumcision=== {{UNI|Stanford University|SU}} has published a video of an actual non-therapeutic plastibell circumcision. The infant has received two injections of local anesthesia to deaden the dorsal nerves. The ventral nerves were not deadened so the infant still feels pain. One can his cries on the soundtrack.* [https://med.stanford.edu/newborns/professional-education/circumcision/plastibell-technique.html Plastibell Technique] ===Gomco clamp circumcision=== '''Not for the squeamish:'''

|title=Libertarianism and circumcision |trans-title= |language= |journal=Int J Health Poiicy Manag |location= |date=2014-05-26 |volume=3 |issue= |article= |page= |pages=33-40 |url=https://www.academia.edu/7587653/Libertarianism_and_Circumcision?email_work_card=view-paper |pubmedID=24987720 |pubmedCID=4075101 |DOI=10.15171/ijhpm.2014.51 |accessdate=}} * {{REFweb |url=https://intaction.org/what-is-circumcision/ |title=What is circumcision? |last=Simone |first=Judy |author-link= |publisher=Intaction |website=https://intaction.org/ |date=2020-07-26 |accessdate=2020-10-04 |format= |quote=}}* {{REFjournal |last=Deacon |first= |init=M |author-link= |last2=Muir |first2= |init2=G |author2-link= |etal=no |title=What is the medical evidence on non-therapeutic child circumcision? |trans-title= |language= |journal= Int J Impot Res |location= |date=2022-01-08 |volume= |issue= |article= |page= |pages= |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41443-021-00502-y |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=34997197 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1038/s41443-021-00502-y |accessdate=2023-04-30}}* {{REFweb |url=https://intactamerica.org/pros-and-cons-of-circumcision/ |title=Pros and Cons of Circumcision (Spoiler: You’ve Been Lied to) |last=Garrett |first= |init=CJ |publisher=Intact America |date=2023-11-10 |accessdate=2024-03-22}}* {{REFweb |url=https://intactamerica.org/groups-who-pressure-you-to-circumcise/ |title=The 4 Authority Figures and Groups Who Will Pressure You to Circumcise (and What You Can Do) |last=Anonymous |first= |init= |publisher=Intact America |date=2024-01-24 |accessdate=2024-01-27}}* {{REFweb |url=https://intactamerica.org/keeping-your-sons-penis-intact/ |title=Keeping Your Son’s Penis Intact: A Guide for Parents |last=Anonymous |first= |init= |publisher=Intact America |date=2024-01-24 |accessdate=2024-01-29}}* {{REFweb |url=https://intactamerica.org/timeline-of-circumcision-suffering/ |title=A Timeline of Circumcision Suffering: A Detailed Look |last=Anonymous |first= |init= |publisher=Intact America |date=2024-02-02 |accessdate=2024-02-09}}{{REF}}