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"Male '''circumcision''' (from Latin ''circumcidere'', meaning "to cut around") is the surgical removal or [[amputation]] of the [[foreskin]] (prepuce) , a major part of the human [[penis]]. The foreskin comprises ''more than fifty percent'' of the epithelium of the [[penis]].<ref name="taylor1996">{{TaylorJR LockwoodAP TaylorAJ 1996}}</ref> When the "cutting around" is performed, the foreskin falls off, so [[amputation]] and [[mutilation]] is the result. The amputation destroys the [[Foreskin#Physiological_functions| many protective, immunological, sexual, and sensory physiological functions]] of the foreskin, so it is a very harmful and [[Pain| painful]] surgery.
'''Posthectomy''' is the more accurate medical term that more accurately reflects the injury and loss of functional body tissue, but the Biblical [[euphemism]], ''circumcision'', is more commonly used.
===Judaism===
In [[Judaism]], the tradition of [[Brit Milah| circumcision]] goes back to the [[Abrahamic covenant]] in a passage in the Book of Genesis (17:10-14). It is was seen as a covenant between God and man, dating back to the patriarch Abraham. The validity of this passage is increasingly being questioned.
{{Citation
According to the anthropologist and sociologist Rabbi Nissan Rubin, the [[Jewish circumcision| Jewish form of circumcision]], called ''[[Brit Milah| brit mila]]'', during the first two millennia did not include the later customary ''[[periah]]'', namely the complete scraping of the inner [[foreskin]] from the [[Glans penis|glans]]. This was only added around 135 AD, to make it almost impossible to restore the [[foreskin]] by [[stretching]], which became popular in the wake of Hellenic influence. While originally only the tip of the [[foreskin]] was cut off, ''[[periah]]'' removes the entire [[foreskin]].
In the Greek society of the day, a denuded [[Glans penis|glans]] was considered obscene and risible. In ultra-orthodox communities, circumcision is followed by the ''[[mohel]]'', the ritual circumciser, sucking blood from the wound with his mouth. This practice is highly controversial, as it can result in an [[infection ]] with [[herpes]] simplex type 1. In New York City, between 2000 and 2011 eleven children were infected with [[herpes]], 10 of whom had to be treated in hospital. Two of them suffered permanent brain damage, two others died. In the 12th century, the Jewish philosopher and doctor [[Moses Maimonides| Maimonides]] claimed that circumcision was necessary, as it diminished sexual desires and reduced the pleasure to a degree just sufficient for mere reproduction.
===Christianity===
Jesus was born into a Jewish family in [[Israel]], where [[Judaism]] was the prevailing religion, so He was [[circumcised]] on the eighth day.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+2%3A21&version=NASB
|title=Gospel of Luke
Many cultures perform circumcision as a rite of passage into manhood. This is common in the Middle East and amongst some indigenous African and Southeast Asian peoples.
The [[United States]] and [[Israel ]] are the only industrialized countries in the world to have a high incidence of non-therapeutic infant male circumcision. The vast majority of infant circumcisions performed in the United States are for non-religious, non-medical reasons. See [[History of circumcision]].
===Religious===
|accessdate=
}}</ref> did not find a significant difference in UTI rates between [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] boys with normal urinary tract anatomy.
* Other studies suggest that circumcision is more likely to raise than to lower the generally low risk of acquiring UTI: multiple studies from [[Israel ]] showed a strong correlation between ritual circumcision on the 8th day of life and postoperative UTI.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Menahem
|init=S
}}</ref> Be that as it may, few forms of analgesia are recommended. There are basically two types of injections to choose from, and the website does not go into the difference between a 'dorsal nerve block' and a 'ring block' injection.
Given what is known from aforementioned official documents, the AAP website may be more informative and effective if it would say ''"Make sure your doctor knows of the ineffectiveness of anything short of local anesthesia, and make sure your baby is given an injection. This is your responsibility, because your doctor may or may not be up to date on the latest understandings of infant sensitivity to [[pain ]] during circumcision."'' The AAP may be holding back, however, perhaps because this would upset the doctor/parent power relationship, and may cause too much questioning of doctors in general. One may not expect to find this kind of advice on such a website, and yet, anything less than this is a dangerously weak statement.
To control [[pain]], some physicians that circumcise use Tylenol, sugar,<ref>{{REFweb
=== Physical effects ===
* [[Bodily harm]]
* [[Circumcision scar]] is an invariable effect.
* An unavoidable effect of any circumcision is the permanent loss of sexual sensitivity. This is partly due to the removal of sensory tissue. The [[foreskin]] contains very many nerve endings and touch receptors, which account for the major part of male sexual sensation. If the [[foreskin]] is removed, they can no longer provide sexual stimulation. It is also partly due to the fact that the surface of the [[Glans penis|glans]] reacts to the missing protection from friction and drying out by developing a callus layer. This reduces the sensitivity of the remaining nerves in the [[Glans penis|glans]] gradually over the years. The study conducted by Sorrells et al.<ref>{{Sorrells etal 2007}}</ref> found a significant reduction of sensitivity to touch for [[circumcised]] compared to [[intact]] [[penis]]es in adult males. Other studies revealed that [[circumcised]] men use condoms significantly less often than [[intact]] men, since they further limit the sexual sensitivity (see above).
|accessdate=2019-10-12
}}</ref>
* If the [[circumcised]] male feels incomplete, or due to the missing [[foreskin]] disadvantaged compared to [[intact]] males, an inferiority complex and [[depression ]] may occur. This can be accompanied by conscious recognition of his own incompleteness, or the deficiency may remain completely subconscious<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Rhinehart
|init=J
* Fear of doctors, clinics and also closed rooms.<ref name="Levy1945"/>
* Relapse into the state of bed-wetting, even if the child was already dry before.<ref name="Levy1945"/>
* [[Circumcised ]] males who become fathers frequently manifest [[adamant father syndrome]].
[[Intact America]] (2019) called circumcision an [[Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)| adverse childhood experience]],<ref name-"bollinger2019">{{REFdocument
|accessdate=2021-11-02
}}</ref>
== Complications ==
=== Possible operative and postoperative complications ===
}}</ref>
=== Death ===
A study in 2010 estimated approximately 117 neonatal circumcision-related [[Death| deaths ]] occur annually in the [[United States]], about one out of every 77 male neonatal deaths, more than suffocation, auto accidents, or even [[SIDS]].<ref name="Bollinger 2010">{{REFjournal
|last=Bollinger
|first=Dan
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Adolescent and adult circumcision]]
* [[Bodily harm]]
* [[Breastfeeding]]
* [[Case Histories]]
|accessdate=2023-04-30
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/pros-and-cons-of-circumcision/
|title=Pros and Cons of Circumcision (Spoiler: You’ve Been Lied to)
|last=Garrett
|first=
|init=CJ
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2023-11-10
|accessdate=2024-03-22
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/groups-who-pressure-you-to-circumcise/
|title=The 4 Authority Figures and Groups Who Will Pressure You to Circumcise (and What You Can Do)
|last=Anonymous
|first=
|init=
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-01-24
|accessdate=2024-01-27
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/keeping-your-sons-penis-intact/
|title=Keeping Your Son’s Penis Intact: A Guide for Parents
|last=Anonymous
|first=
|init=
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-01-24
|accessdate=2024-01-29
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/timeline-of-circumcision-suffering/
|title=A Timeline of Circumcision Suffering: A Detailed Look
|last=Anonymous
|first=
|init=
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-02-02
|accessdate=2024-02-09
}}
{{REF}}
[[Category:Circumcision]]
[[Category:Male circumcision]]
[[Category:Parental information]]
[[Category:Penile surgery]]
[[Category:Medical term]]
[[Category:Male genital mutilation]]