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Cepeda'''Posthectomy''' is the more accurate medical term that more accurately reflects the injury and loss of functional body tissue, but the Biblical [[euphemism]], ''circumcision'', is more commonly used.With reference to involuntary, non-Emiliani et altherapeutic circumcision of children, [[Child Genital Cutting (CGC)]] is a newer term that has been introduced to avoid issues associated with more traditional terms. Bollinger (2023) commentedidentifed CGC as an [[Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)| adverse childhood experience]].<ref name="bollinger2023">{{REFjournal |last=Bollinger |init=D |author-link=Dan Bollinger |last2= |init2= |author2-link= |url=https://kindredmedia.org/2023/02/adverse-childhood-experiences-dysfunctional-households-and-circumcision/ |title=Adverse Childhood Experiences, Dysfunctional Households, And Circumcision. |journal=Kindred |date=2023-02-28 |volume= |issue= |pages= |accessdate=2023-03-01}}<blockquote/ref>Taking the sleve technique as an example of surgical flexibility during circumcision, to the extent that this technique is of such versatility that it allows highly variable quantities of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue to be excised directly from Deacon & Muir (2022) have reviewed the penile body, evidence and to the extent concluded that the prepuce "there is still conceived by segments of the no medical community as "just justification for performing a small piece of skin", we are concerned circumcision prior to an age that aggressive circumcisions are intentionally or unintentionally being performed in pediatric he can assess the known risks and adult patients in the belief that "redundant" or " extra" tissue is being excisedpotential benefits, and choose to give or in the belief that "excesive sensitivitywithhold [[informed consent]] himself." is being reduced to augment ejaculatory latency time.<ref name="cepeda2023deacon2022">{{REFjournal |last=Cepeda-EmilianiDeacon |first=Matthew |init=AM |author-link=Alfonso Cepeda-Emiliani |last2=Gándara-Cortés Muir |first2=Gordon |init2=MG
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The un-anesthetized and un-sedated newborn infant is restrained by being strapped to a special plastic board called the [[circumstraint]]. The procedure is most often an elective, non-therapeutic surgery without [[medical indication]] performed on neonates and children for religious and cultural reasons in violation of the child's [[human rights]] to [[physical integrity]], but in older patients may be rarely indicated for therapeutic reasons. It is a radical treatment option for pathological [[phimosis]], refractory [[balanoposthitis]] and chronic [[urinary tract infection]]s (UTIs); it is contraindicated in cases of certain genital structure abnormalities or poor general health.
'''Posthectomy''' is a more accurate medical term that more accurately reflects Circumcision was popularized in English-speaking nationns in the injury and loss nineteeth century. The practice of non-therapeutic circumcision of functional body tissueboys now has greatly declined in [[Australia]], but [[Canada]], [[New Zealand]] and the Biblical [[euphemismUnited Kingdom]], . It has been gradually declining since 1985 in the [[United States]]. It has ''circumcisionnever'', been a popular practice in other western nations. Circumcision is more commonly usedclassified as a form of [[genital mutilation]]. == Historical background ==
With reference to involuntary, non-therapeutic circumcision The [[amputation]] of children, the [[Child Genital Cutting (CGC)foreskin]] is a newer term that has been introduced very old ritual, whose exact origin cannot be verified beyond doubt. Circumcision is believed to avoid issues associated with more traditional terms. Bollinger (2023) identifed CGC as an [[Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)| adverse childhood experience]]have originated in east Africa near the Red Sea well before the dawn of recorded history.<ref name="bollinger2023demeo1997">{{REFjournalREFbook |last=BollingerDeMeo |initfirst=D |author-link=Dan Bollinger |last2year=1997 |init2= |author2-linktitle=The geography of sexual mutilations |url=https://kindredmediawww.org/2023academia.edu/02/adverse-childhood-experiences-dysfunctional-households-and-circumcision4212007/The_Geography_of_Male_and_Female_Genital_Mutilations |titlework=Adverse Childhood Experiences, Dysfunctional Households, And Circumcision.Sexual Mutilations: A Human Tragedy |journaleditors=KindredGeorge C. Denniston, Marilyn Milos |dateedition=2023-02-28
Deacon & Muir (2022) have reviewed In many cultures circumcision during puberty serves as a rite of passage, bringing adolescents into the evidence community. As with other painful or humiliating initiation rites, proof of courage and concluded that "there mastering of critical situations are the key motivations. From some African tribes it is no medical justification for performing a circumcision prior to an age also known that he can assess the known risks and potential benefits, and choose to give or withhold [[informed consentamputation]] of the [[foreskin]] himselfis seen as the removal of an inborn piece of femininity from the boys, thus making them men."<ref name="deacon2022">{{REFjournal |last=Deacon |first=Matthew |init=M |author-link= |last2Judaism=Muir |first2=Gordon |init2=G |author2-link= In [[Judaism]], the tradition of [[Brit Milah|etal=no |title=What is circumcision]] goes back to the [[Abrahamic covenant]] in a passage in the medical evidence on nonBook of Genesis (17:10-therapeutic child circumcision?14). It was seen as a covenant between God and man, dating back to the patriarch Abraham. The validity of this passage is increasingly being questioned. |journal= Int J Impot Res |date=2022-01-08{{Citation |urlText=https10 This is my covenant with you and your descendants after you, the covenant you are to keep://wwwEvery male among you shall be circumcised. 11 You are to undergo circumcision, and it will be the sign of the covenant between me and you. 12 For the generations to come every male among you who is eight days old must be circumcised, including those born in your household or bought with money from a foreigner—those who are not your offspring. 13 Whether born in your household or bought with your money, they must be circumcised. My covenant in your flesh is to be an everlasting covenant.nature14 Any [[uncircumcised]] male, who has not been circumcised in the flesh, will be cut off from his people; he has broken my covenant.com/articles/s41443-021-00502-y” |pubmedIDAuthor=34997197Bible |DOISource=Gen 17, 10.1038/s41443-021-00502-y |accessdate=2022-01-3014, NIV}}</ref>
The practice According to the anthropologist and sociologist Rabbi Nissan Rubin, the [[Jewish circumcision| Jewish form of non-therapeutic circumcision of boys has greatly declined in ]], called ''[[AustraliaBrit Milah| brit mila]]'', during the first two millennia did not include the later customary ''[[Canadaperiah]]'', namely the complete scraping of the inner [[New Zealandforeskin]] and from the [[United KingdomGlans penis|glans]]. It has been gradually declining since 1985 This was only added around 135 AD, to make it almost impossible to restore the [[foreskin]] by [[stretching]], which became popular in the wake of Hellenic influence. While originally only the tip of the [[foreskin]] was cut off, ''[[periah]]'' removes the entire [[United Statesforeskin]].
== Historical background ==In the Greek society of the day, a denuded [[Glans penis|glans]] was considered obscene and risible. In ultra-orthodox communities, circumcision is followed by the ''[[mohel]]'', the ritual circumciser, sucking blood from the wound with his mouth. This practice is highly controversial, as it can result in an [[infection]] with [[herpes]] simplex type 1. In New York City, between 2000 and 2011 eleven children were infected with [[herpes]], 10 of whom had to be treated in hospital. Two of them suffered permanent brain damage, two others died. In the 12th century, the Jewish philosopher and doctor [[Moses Maimonides| Maimonides]] claimed that circumcision was necessary, as it diminished sexual desires and reduced the pleasure to a degree just sufficient for mere reproduction.
The ===Christianity===Jesus was born into a Jewish family in [[amputationIsrael]] of , where [[Judaism]] was the prevailing religion, so He was [[foreskincircumcised]] is a very old ritual, whose exact origin cannot be verified beyond doubt. Circumcision is believed to have originated in east Africa near on the Red Sea well before the dawn of recorded historyeighth day.<ref name="demeo1997">{{REFbookREFweb |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+2%3A21&version=NASB |title=Gospel of Luke |last=DeMeoLuke
===Judaism===Nevertheless, Christian moral notions had decisive influence on the spread of this practice. In the puritan influenced USA, circumcision of children was popular in the 19th century as a means to prevent [[masturbation]]. In those days, this so-called ‘self-abuse‘ was not only considered immoral, but was supposedly responsible for a variety of diseases. Masturbation, however, is not mentioned anywhere in the Holy Bible, so there is no support for the belief that it is somehow immoral or sinful.
In Even the mere existence of a [[Judaismforeskin]]was falsoly linked to many illnesses. Among them one could find syphilis, epilepsy, paralysis of the tradition spine, bed wetting, scoliosis (spinal deformity), paralysis of [[Brit Milah| the bladder, club foot, nerve pain in the lower abdomen, tuberculosis and lazy eye. One of the best known advocates of child circumcision]] goes back to the was [[Abrahamic covenantJohn Harvey Kellogg]] in a passage in , co-inventor of the Book of Genesis (17:10-14)corn flakes bearing his name. It is seen as a covenant between God and manIn 1888, dating back to the patriarch Abraham. The validity of this passage is increasingly being questioned.he wrote:
In the Greek society of the day, a denuded [[Glans penis|glans]] was considered obscene and risible. In ultra-orthodox communities, circumcision is followed by the ''[[mohel]]'', the ritual circumciser, sucking blood from the wound with his mouth. This practice is highly controversial, as it can result in an infection with [[herpes]] simplex type 1. In New York City, between 2000 and 2011 eleven children were infected with [[herpes]], 10 of whom had to be treated in hospital. Two of them suffered permanent brain damage, two others died. In the 12th century, the Jewish philosopher and doctor [[Moses Maimonides| Maimonides]] claimed that circumcision was necessary, as it diminished sexual desires and reduced the pleasure to a degree just sufficient for mere reproduction.== Rationale ==
===Christianity===Jesus was born into a Jewish family in IsraelReasons for performing circumcision range widely by culture, where [[Judaism]] was the prevailing religion, so He was [[circumcised]] on the eighth day.<ref>{{REFweb |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+2%3A21&version=NASB |title=Gospel of Luke |last=Luke |first= |publisher=NASB |website=Bible Gateway |date= |accessdate=2019-11-10 |format= |quote=And when eight days had passedlocation, before His circumcision, His name was then called Jesus, the name given by the angel before He was conceived in the womband age.}}</ref>
In Christianity, ===Religious===The circumcision of newborn boys is practiced only seen as a [[Abrahamic covenant| divine commandment]] in Coptic churchesthe [[Judaism| Jewish faith]]. There is no general belief that Though absent in the Koran, male circumcision is considered a religious requirement in [[Islam]], and it is performed on male children of Christianityvarying ages.<ref name="hill2004">{{REFweb |url=https://www.cirp.org/pages/cultural/christian.php |title=The Holy Bible, Circumcision, False Prophets, Converts to these faiths may also choose to undergo [[Adolescent and Christian Parents |last=Hill |first=George adult circumcision|author-link=George Hill |publisher=Circumcision Reference Library |website= |date=2004-08-29 |accessdate=2019-11-10 |format=HTML |quote=The falseness of those who advocate circumcision ]], but it is a recurrent theme in the New Testamentnot always required. }}</ref>
Nevertheless, Christian moral notions had decisive influence on === Medical indication ===There are no [[medical indication| medical indications]] for circumcision of the spread of this practicenewborn. In the puritan influenced USA, The [[circumcision industry]] offers circumcision of children was popular in the 19th century as a means newborn to prevent the public because of the [[masturbationfinancial incentive]]. In those days, this so-called ‘self-abuse‘ was not only considered immoral, but was supposedly responsible for a variety of diseases. Masturbation, however, is not mentioned anywhere in the Holy Bible, so there is no support for the belief that it is somehow immoral or sinful.
Even The form of circumcision adopted by the mere existence of a [[foreskin]] medical community essentially was linked equivalent to many illnesses. Among them one could find syphilis, epilepsy, paralysis of the spine, bed wetting, scoliosis (spinal deformity), paralysis of the bladder, club foot, nerve pain in the lower abdomen, tuberculosis and lazy eye. One of the best known advocates of child circumcision was Jewish form with ''[[John Harvey Kelloggperiah]]'', co-inventor of so it inflicted the corn flakes bearing his namemaximum injury. In 1888, he wrote:
{{CitationIn a few cases |Text=A remedy which with older patients, circumcision is almost always successful in small boys is circumcisionlegitimately indicated; a patient may be suffering recurring infections, and other methods of treatment have failed. In other cases, especially when there is any degree a patient may be suffering from a severe case of [[phimosis]]. The operation should be performed by a surgeon without administering an anaestheticOverall, as the brief pain attending the operation will have a salutary effect upon the mind, especially if it be connected with the idea of punishment, as it may well be in some casesactual medical necessity for circumcision is extremely rare since many conditions respond to conservative treatment. In females, All circumcisions injure the author has found the application of pure carbolic acid to patient by amputating the [[clitorisforeskin]] an excellent means of allaying the abnormal excitementits with many protective, immunological, sensory, and preventing the recurrence of the practice in those whose will-power has become so weakened that the patient is unable to exercise entire self-control. |Author=sexual [[John Harvey KelloggForeskin#Physiological_functions| functions]] |Source= |ref=<ref>{{REFbook |last=Kellogg |first=John Harvey |init=JH |author-link=John Harvey Kellogg |url=https://archive.org/details/plainfaorold00kell/page/290 |chapter=Treatment for Self-abuse and Its Effects |title=Plain Facts for Old and Young |location=Burlington, Iowa |publisher=F. Segner & Co. |year=1888 |page=107}}</ref>}}
===Islam===In [[Islam]], circumcision is also religiously founded, even though there is no mention of it in the Koran itself# '''Deformed or malformed foreskin'''. According to tradition, the Prophet Mohammed was born without a [[A foreskin]]. It is seen as a sign of prophets so deformed or malformed that they are born without a [[foreskin]] already. It is considered an honour to "resemble the example of the Prophet", meaning to it does not function properly may be [[circumcised]]. In Islam, unlike [[Judaism]], there is no specific age at which the removed by circumcision should be performed. Most circumcisions take place at ages between 6 and 10 years, but the range goes from birth to adulthood.
== Rationale ==# '''Traumatically injured foreskin'''. A foreskin so traumatically damaged foreskin that cannot be surgically repaired is a valid medical reason for circumcision.
Reasons # '''Diseased foreskin.''' A foreskin that is diseased is a valid indication for performing circumcision range widely by culturecirumcision. Some diseases that qualify are malignancy, religionlichen sclerosis, location[[Balanitis#Diabetic_males| yeast infection in men with diabetes]], and agerecurrent [[balanoposthitis]].
===Cultural===In such cases, the benefit of removing the problem foreskin may exceed the maleficial harms of tissue and function destruction.
Many cultures perform circumcision as a rite of passage into manhood. This is common in the Middle East and amongst some indigenous African and Southeast Asian peoples. The [[United States]] and Israel are the only industrialized countries in the world to have a high incidence of non-therapeutic infant male circumcision. The vast majority of infant circumcisions performed in the United States are for non-religious, non-medical reasons. See [[History of circumcision]]. ===Religious===The circumcision of newborn boys is seen as a [[Abrahamic covenant| divine commandment]] in the [[Judaism| Jewish faith]]. Though absent in the Koran, male circumcision is considered a religious requirement in [[Islam]], and it is performed on male children of varying ages. Converts to these faiths may also choose to undergo [[Adolescent and adult circumcision| circumcision]], but it is not always required. === Medical indication ===There are no [[medical indication| medical indications]] for circumcision of the newborn. The circumcision industry offers circumcision of the newborn to the public because of the [[financial incentive]]. The form of circumcision adopted by the medical community essentially was equivalent to the Jewish form with ''[[periah]]'', so it inflicted the maximum injury. In a few cases with older patients, circumcision is legitimately indicated; a patient may be suffering recurring infections, and other methods of treatment have failed. In other cases, a patient may be suffering from a severe case of [[phimosis]]. Overall, the actual medical necessity for circumcision is extremely rare since many conditions respond to conservative treatment. All circumcisions injure the patient by amputating the [[foreskin]] its with many protective, immunological, sensory, and sexual [[Foreskin#Physiological_functions| functions]]. # '''Deformed or malformed foreskin'''. A foreskin so deformed or malformed that it does not function properly may be removed by circumcision. # '''Traumatically injured foreskin'''. A foreskin so traumatically damaged foreskin that cannot be surgically repaired is a valid medical reason for circumcision. # '''Diseased foreskin.''' A foreskin that is diseased is a valid indication for cirumcision. Some diseases that qualify are malignancy, lichen sclerosis, [[Balanitis#Diabetic_males| yeast infection in men with diabetes]], and recurrent [[balanoposthitis]]. In such cases, the benefit of removing the problem foreskin may exceed the maleficial harms of tissue and function destruction. ====Arguments of prophylaxia====Though the practice of ritual circumcision of males, both consenting and non-consenting, has existed for millenia, the search for "potential medical benefits" began relatively recently. {''Potential'' means to exist in possibility, but not in actuality, so a "''potential'' benefit" is not a genuine proven benefit.) The discussion of circumcision in the Ninth Edition of the ''Encyclopǽdia Britannica'' (1876) made no mention of any prophylactic, medical, or therapeutic value or function.<ref>{{REFweb |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/history/encyclopaediabritannica1876/ |title=Circumcision
Circumcision Given what is surgery. Surgical complications of circumcision generally known from aforementioned official documents, the AAP website may be classified as [[Bleeding| hemorrhage]]more informative and effective if it would say ''"Make sure your doctor knows of the ineffectiveness of anything short of local anesthesia, [[infection]]and make sure your baby is given an injection. This is your responsibility, because your doctor may or surgical misadventure may not be up to and including loss date on the latest understandings of the penis and infant sensitivity to [[deathpain]]during circumcision.<ref name="deacon2022" '' The AAP may be holding back, however, perhaps because this would upset the doctor/><ref name="williams-kapilla1993">{{REFjournal |last=Williams |init=N |author-link= |last2=Kapilla |init2=L |author2-link= |etal=no |title=Complications parent power relationship, and may cause too much questioning of circumcision |trans-title= |language= |journal=Brit J Surg |location= |date=1993-10 |volume=80 |issue=10 |pages=1231-6 |url=https://wwwdoctors in general.cirpOne may not expect to find this kind of advice on such a website, and yet, anything less than this is a dangerously weak statement.org/library/complications/williams-kapila/ |quote= |pubmedID=8242285 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1002/bjs.1800801005 |accessdate=2019-11-27}}</ref>
* Intolerance or allergic reactions to the narcotics used.* Especially in newborns, where the bodily pain reduction mechanisms are not yet fully developed, local anaesthesia is often insufficient for the operation. Even in conjunction with regional anaesthesia of the dorsal nerve of the To control [[penispain]], the rate of failure to provide sufficient anaesthetic even for experienced anaesthetists is still 5-10%. The general anaesthesia some physicians that would be needed for newbornscircumcise use Tylenol, howeversugar, poses significant risks for <ref>{{REFweb |quote=To calm the baby during the childprocedure, a sugar filled gauze pacifier soaked with sweet juice is used, and, therefore, soothing music is only likely to be used played in emergenciesthe room. A surgical operation without proper [[pain]] control can lead to the development of a specific pain memory<ref>{{REFweb |url=http://www.spiegelpollockclinics.decom/spiegelcircumcision/vorab/experte-warnt-rituelle-beschneidung-veraendert-das-gehirncircumcision-der-kinder-a-849534guide.html |title=KinderschmerzParents' Guide to Circumcision |last= |first= |publisher= |date= |accessdate=2011-Experte warnt: Rituelle Beschneidung verändert das Gehirn der Kinder04-08}}</ref><ref>{{REFweb |trans-titlequote=Children's During the circumcision, your son will receive sugar pacifiers to suck on which reduce his pain expert warnsperceptions. |url=http: Ritual //www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision changes the brain of children-before.html |languagetitle=GermanBefore the Circumcision |last=Prof. Dr. med. Boris Zernikow
|note=
* CircumcisionsHistology of the male circumcision scar shows [[amputation]] neuromas, Schwann cell proliferation and the bulbous collection of variably sized neurites. [[Amputation]] neuromas do not mediate normal sensation and are notorious for generating pain.<ref name="ColdCJ TaylorJR 1999"/> Cepeda-Emiliani et al. (2023) commented:<blockquote> Taking the sleve technique as an example of surgical flexibility during circumcision, especially those to the extent that this technique is of such versatility that happen without consentit allows highly variable quantities of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue to be excised directly from the penile body, can spark feelings and to the extent that the prepuce is still conceived by segments of helplessness the medical community as "just a small piece of skin", we are concerned that aggressive circumcisions are intentionally or unintentionally being performed in pediatric and alienationadult patients in the belief that "redundant" or " extra" tissue is being excised, or in the belief that "excesive sensitivity" is being reduced to augment ejaculatory latency time.<ref name="cepeda2023" /></blockquote>The un-anesthetized and un-sedated newborn infant is restrained by being strapped to a special plastic board called the [[circumstraint]]. The procedure is most often an elective, non-therapeutic surgery without [[medical indication]] performed on neonates and children for religious and cultural reasons in violation of the child's [[human rights]] to [[physical integrity]], but in older patients may be rarely indicated for therapeutic reasons. It is a radical treatment option for pathological [[phimosis]], which can persist as refractory [[balanoposthitis]] and chronic [[urinary tract infection]]s (UTIs); it is contraindicated in cases of certain genital structure abnormalities or poor general health. See [[traumaSexual effects of circumcision]]for more information. These feeling can === Psychological effects ===[[Psychological_issues_of_male_circumcision#Circumcision_trauma_in_adults| Psychological late effects]] are also be triggered laterpossible after a circumcision, when someone especially if the operation was carried out in childhood. On this occasion a variety of [[circumcisedtrauma]] as an infant becomes aware may occur, which depend, among others, on age and circumstances of his the circumcision. In an online studyFor example, interviewed men stated they felt betrayed - 55% by whether the mothercircumcision took place with or without sufficient anaesthesia, 50% by if the individual has been informed about the fatheroperation beforehand, if he was [[circumcised]] against his will or without his consent, and 58% by also, in the doctorcase of infant circumcision, if he was told about it during childhood or had to find it out coincidentally on his own. The psychological late effects of circumcision are not yet fully researched, and 73% felt many studies took place on rather a small scale. This situation needs to be rectified, because the available studies, as well as the histories of negatively affected men, suggest that these late effects may have more impact than previously assumed. * It was observed that their infants, following circumcision without [[human rightspain]] control, had been violated.a disturbed bond with their mother<ref name="GSoCH">{{REFwebREFjournal |last=Marshall |init=RE |last2=Porter |init2=FL |last3=Rogers |init3=AG |etal=yes |title=Circumcision: II effects upon mother-infant interaction |journal=Early Hum Dev |date=1982 |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=367-74 |url=httphttps://www.circumcisionharmcirp.org/ |title=Global Survey of Circumcision Harmlibrary/birth/marshall2/ |accessdate=20192020-1002-1201}}</ref>* It can frequently be found that the loss is denied, much as happens well as problems with nurturing, up to the loss point of refusal to be fed. The sleeping habits of other body partsthese babies were also disturbed, with prolonged non-REM sleep and increased waking. This denial can lead to fathers having their sons * In boys [[circumcised]] in order not to childhood, [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] ([[PTSD]]) could be reminded of their own lossdiagnosed. In this processa study on Philippine boys, their own body is defined as "normal" and the in whom no [[foreskinPTSD]] redefined as a foreign object. Their own parents are seen as "good"was found prior to the operation, so that this image is projected onto 69% of the circumcision their parents carried out as well, boys [[circumcised]] in order to keep the positive emotion intact. The father wants to be a "good" father later in life as well, traditional ritual and so, following an idealised image 51% of his own parents, circumcision, which has been redefined as a "good thing", is passed on to his son by having him those [[circumcised]] as wellby standard medical procedures (including anaesthesia) fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD following the operation.<ref>{{VanderKolkBA 1989}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournalREFbook |last=GoldmanRamos |init=RS |authorlast2=Boyle |init2=GJ |year=2001 |title=Understanding circumcision: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to a Multi-link=Ronald GoldmanDimensional Problem |url=https://wwwlink.cirpspringer.orgcom/librarychapter/psych/goldman110.1007/978-1-4757-3351-8_14 |titlework=The psychological impact of circumcision |journaleditors=BJU Int[[George C. Denniston]], [[Frederick M. Hodges]], [[Marilyn Fayre Milos]] |dateedition=1999 |volume=83 |issuechapter=Suppl. 1Ritual and medical circumcision among Filipino boys: evidence of post-traumatic stress disorder |pages=93253-10370 |location=New York |publisher=Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers |isbn= |quote= |accessdate=2019-10-12 |note=
The [https://www* Intolerance or allergic reactions to the narcotics used.cirp.org/library/statements/aap1999/|AAP Circumcision Policy Statement] (1999) states quite clearly that ''"There is considerable evidence that * Especially in newborns who , where the bodily pain reduction mechanisms are not yet fully developed, local anaesthesia is often insufficient for the operation. Even in conjunction with regional anaesthesia of the dorsal nerve of the [[circumcisedpenis]] without analgesia experience pain and physiologic stress"''. Furthermore, the pain rate of failure to provide sufficient anaesthetic even for experienced anaesthetists is quite severestill 5-10%. The general anaesthesia that would be needed for newborns, however, and requires injections poses significant risks for proper pain management. Sucrose the child, and Acetaminophen ''"cannot , therefore, is only likely to be recommended as the sole method of analgesia"''used in emergencies. Topical cream is no longer thought sufficient as ''"A surgical operation without proper [[pain]] control can lead to the analgesic effect is limited during the phases associated with extensive tissue trauma such as...tightening development of the clamp"''.a specific pain memory<ref>{{REFjournalREFweb |url=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/vorab/experte-warnt-rituelle-beschneidung-veraendert-das-gehirn-der-kinder-a-849534.html |title=Kinderschmerz-Experte warnt: Rituelle Beschneidung verändert das Gehirn der Kinder |trans-title=Children's pain expert warns: Ritual circumcision changes the brain of children |language=German |last=Prof. Dr. med. Boris Zernikow
It has been shown that an infant's response to [[pain]] can be altered for years as a consequence of == Forced circumcision.<ref>{{TaddioA etal 1995}}</ref><ref>{{TaddioA KatzJ IlersichAL KorenG 1997}}</ref>=={{Box|Boxtext=<big><b>However, none of the above three procedures totally eliminate pain. A baby boy will still experience some pain despite any of those analgesic procedures. Prevention of [[pain]] requires protecting a boy from elective neonatal non!--therapeutic circumcision. Only boys who are protected from the medically unnecessary circumcision surgery experience no [[pain]] or [[trauma]].</b></big>}} === Sexual effects United States military === Circumcision and frenectomy remove tissues with heightened erogenous sensitivityAmerican soldiers serving in World War II were subjected to regular inspections of their genitals. If intact, the soldiers risked being ordered to undergo immediate circumcision.<ref name="winkleman1959">{{WinkelmannRK 1959}}</ref> <ref name="cepeda2023">{{REFjournalREFbook |last=Cepeda-EmilianiSchoen |first=Ed |init=AE |author-link=Alfonso Cepeda-EmilianiEdgar J. Schoen |last2year=Gándara-Cortés 2005 |first2title=On Circumcision |init2url=https://books.google.de/books?id=M |author2-link=zUhdvSt7cgC |last3work=Otero-Alén |first3editor=Dianne Yeakey |init3edition=M |author3-linkvolume= |last4chapter=García |first4pages=72-3 |init4location=HGeorgetown, Canada |author4-linkpublisher=RDR Books |last5isbn=Suárez1-157143-123-Quintanilla3 |first5quote=For a critical view, see Sorrells, "The History of Circumcision," p. 333 |init5accessdate=J |author5-linknote= |last6=García}}</ref> This practice was discontinued at least six decades ago.--Caballero> |first6= |init6=T |author6= Non-linktherapeutic circumcision of male children = |last7=Gallego |first7= |init7=R Human babies, because they are not yet in possession of language, are incapable of giving or refusing consent to be [[circumcised]]. The element of force has led some scholars to view the circumcision of baby boys as a category of forced circumcision.<ref>For example, Frederick M. Hodges, a medical historian, writes: "In the late 1970s, as the Americans were growing increasingly aware of the abuses of power rampant throughout the nation's social institutions, influential grass-roots movements protesting the forced circumcision of American children sprang up nationwide." F. Hodges, "A Short History," p. 31; see also [[Leonard B. Glick|author7Glick]], ''Marked in Your Flesh'', pp. 273-link= |last8=García281.</ref> There are, however, physicians in the United States who argue strongly for non-Caballerotherapeutic circumcision of newborn babies; and circumcision is widely accepted as a postnatal procedure in American hospitals.<ref>{{REFbook |first8last=Fletcher |init8first=Christopher R. |author8-linkinit=CR |etalyear=no1999 |title=Immunohistological study of the density Circumcision in America in 1998: Attitudes, Beliefs, and distribution Charges of human penile neural tissue: gradient hypothesisAmerican Physicians |trans-titleurl=http://www.springerlink.com/content/h2150v731233m177/ |languagework=Male and Female Circumcision |journal= Int J Impot Res |locationeditors=[[George C. Denniston]], [[Frederick M. Hodges]], [[Marilyn Fayre Milos]] |dateedition=2023-05-02 |volume=35 |issuechapter=3Section 5 |articlepages=259-71 |page= |pageslocation=286-305New York |urlpublisher=https://www.nature.com/articlesKluwer Academic/s41443-022-00561-9Plenum Publishers |archivedisbn=
The In the [[amputationUnited Kingdom]] of the prepuce results in the loss of the majority of fine, where non-touch neuroreceptors found therapeutic circumcision has now become far less prevalent than in the [[penisUnited States]], leaving only the uninhibited protopathic sensibility written consent of the artificially externalized [[glans penis]]. The imbalance caused by not having the input from the now ablated fineboth parents is required, if a physician is to perform a non-touch receptors may be therapeutic circumcision of a leading cause of the changes in sexual behavior noted in [[circumcised]] human maleschild.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Van Howe |initfirst=RS |author-linktitle=Robert S. Van HoweRe J (child's religious upbringing and circumcision) |last2journal=ColdFamily Court Reports |init2date=CJ |title=Advantages and Disadvantages of Neonatal Circumcision |journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association2000 |volume=2771 |issue=13 |pages=1052307-714 |url=httphttps://www.ncbicirp.nlm.nih.govorg/library/legal/pubmedRe_J/92186632000.html |quoteaccessdate= |pubmedID=9218663 |pubmedCID= |DOI= |date=19972019-0410-02 |accessdate=12}}</ref>(The National Health Service does not provide non-therapeutic circumcision.)
Histology In recent years, legal writers in several English-speaking countries have been questioning the practice of the male circumcision scar shows acceding to parental wishes.<ref>See, e.g., [[amputationMargaret A. Somerville|Somerville]] neuromas, Schwann cell proliferation "Therapeutic and Non-Therapeutic Medical Procedures"; Poulter, ''English Criminal Law''; [[Abbie Chessler|Chessler]], "Justifying the bulbous collection of variably sized neuritesUnjustifiable"; Smith, "Male Circumcision. "</ref> For example, critics have pointed out that, in the [[AmputationUnited States]] neuromas do not mediate normal sensation and , more than 1.3% of male neonatal deaths are notorious for generating painattributable to the complications of non-therapeutic circumcision surgery.<ref name="ColdCJ TaylorJR 1999Bollinger 2010"/>==Video=====Is circumcision healthy?===The video ''Is Circumcision Healthy'' is recommended for parental viewing.<br><br> <youtube>D_3LQjZgdbQ</youtube> ===Dr. Christopher Guest discusses circumcision===<br><youtube>v=TQIp9f4krVQ</youtube> ===Plastibel circumcision=== {{UNI|Stanford University|SU}} has published a video of an actual non-therapeutic plastibell circumcision. The infant has received two injections of local anesthesia to deaden the dorsal nerves. The ventral nerves were not deadened so the infant still feels pain. One can his cries on the soundtrack.* [https://med.stanford.edu/newborns/professional-education/circumcision/plastibell-technique.html Plastibell Technique] ===Gomco clamp circumcision===
See [[Sexual effects '''Not for the squeamish:''' This is a video of an actual circumcision]] for more informationwith a Gomco clamp. The infant boy received two dorsal penile nerve block (DPNB) analgesic injections but they did not seem to work.
== Forced circumcision ==* The [[Royal Australasian College of Physicians]] (2010) said:
American soldiers serving After reviewing the currently available evidence, the RACP believes that the frequency of diseases modifiable by circumcision, the level of protection offered by circumcision and the complication rates of circumcision do not warrant routine infant circumcision in World War II were subjected Australia and New Zealand. However it is reasonable for parents to regular inspections weigh the benefits and risks of their genitals. If intact, circumcision and to make the soldiers risked being ordered decision whether or not to undergo immediate circumcisioncircumcise their sons.<refname="racp2010">{{REFbook |last=Schoen |first=Ed |init=E |author-link=Edgar J. Schoen |year=2005REFdocument |title=On Circumcisionof Infant Males |url=https://bookswww.googleracp.deedu.au//docs/default-source/advocacy-library/books?id=circumcision-of-infant-zUhdvSt7cgCmales.pdf |workcontribution= |editorlast=Dianne Yeakey |editionfirst= |volumepublisher=The Royal Australasian College of Physicians |chapterformat=PDF |pagesdate=722010-09-301 |location=Georgetown, Canada |publisheraccessdate=RDR Books |isbn=12021-15714311-123-3 |quote=For a critical view, see Sorrells, "The History of Circumcision," p. 333 |accessdate= |note=08}}</ref> This practice was discontinued at least six decades ago.--</blockquote>
=== Non* The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] (AAP) has not re-therapeutic affirmed its disastrous, failed 2012 Circumcision Policy Statement, which expired in 2017, so currently has no position on child circumcision of male children ===.
Human babies, because they are not yet in possession of language, are incapable of giving or refusing consent to be [[circumcised]]. The element of force has led some scholars to view the circumcision of baby boys as a category of forced circumcision.<ref>For example, Frederick M. Hodges, a medical * Medical historian, writes: "In the late 1970s, as the Americans were growing increasingly aware of the abuses of power rampant throughout the nation's social institutions, influential grass-roots movements protesting the forced circumcision of American children sprang up nationwide." F. Hodges, "A Short History," p. 31; see also [[Leonard B. Glick|GlickRobert Darby]], ''Marked in Your Flesh'', pp. 273-281.</ref> There are, however, physicians in the United States who argue strongly for non-therapeutic circumcision of newborn babies; and circumcision is widely accepted as a postnatal procedure in American hospitals.<ref>{{REFbook |last=Fletcher |first=Christopher R. |init=CR |year=1999 |title=Circumcision in America in 1998: Attitudes, Beliefs, and Charges of American Physicians |url=http(2014) wrote simply://www.springerlink.com/content/h2150v731233m177/ |work=Male and Female Circumcision |editors=[[George C. Denniston]], [[Frederick M. Hodges]], [[Marilyn Fayre Milos]] |edition= |volume= |chapter=Section 5 |pages=259-71 |location=New York |publisher=Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers |isbn= |quote= |accessdate=2019-10-12 |note=ID 10.1007/978-0-585-39937-9_19}}</ref> Parental consent is required.<refblockquote>See, e.g., Shephard and Shephard, ''The Complete Guide'', p. 125.</ref> A statement published by the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] in 1999 claimed that "parents should determine what is in the best interest of the child... It is legitimate for parents to take into account cultural, religious, and ethnic traditions, in additions to the medical factors, when making a decision."<ref>Lannon and Bailey, "Circumcision Policy Statement," p. 691.</ref> however surrogate consent for non-therapeutic To avoid circumcision is now viewed as unethical. In the [[United Kingdom]], where non-therapeutic circumcision has now become far less prevalent than in the [[United States]]complications, the written consent of both parents is required, if a physician is to perform a non-therapeutic avoid circumcision of a child."<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Darby
===Dr* The [[Canadian Urological Association]] (CUA) considered the matter of circumcision and issued a statement in February 2018. Christopher Guest discusses circumcision===<br><youtube>v=TQIp9f4krVQ</youtube>The CUA concluded:
{{UNI|Stanford University|SU}} has published a video of an actual non-therapeutic plastibell circumcision. The infant has received two injections of local anesthesia to deaden the dorsal nerves. The ventral nerves were not deadened so the infant still feels pain. One can his cries [[Rights situation on the soundtrack.* [https://med.stanford.edu/newborns/professional-education/circumcision/plastibell-technique|rights situation]] is discussed in a separate article.html Plastibell Technique]
===Gomco clamp circumcision===[[Image:Intact vs circumcised.JPG |thumbnail|right|300px| The intact and circumcised human penis, side by side.]]
'''Not for The term "circumcision" without a gender qualifier refers specifically to male circumcision. It means "to cut around," and it refers to the squeamish:'''[[excision]] of the [[foreskin]] from the penis. The term is inaccurate and a euphemism because the operation actually cuts off or [[amputation| amputates]] the [[foreskin]], which in adults comprises about fifteen square inches of highly functional erogenous tissue.
This Circumcision is a video of an actual circumcision with a Gomco clamp. The infant boy received two dorsal penile nerve block (DPNB) analgesic injections but they did not seem to work. * most often performed in healthy males for [https://www.reddit.com/r/Intactivism/comments/qbpzqr/trained_medical_professionals_restrain_infant_to/ Circumcision video] ==Recommendations of medical authorities==* [[George HillReligion and Culture| Hillreligious or cultural]] (2007) said:<blockquote>Male circumcision reasons. The procedure may be performed on consenting adults, but it is most often performed on non-consenting minors, particularly newborn children, which is why the ritual is harmful because it excises healthy tissue and permanently impairs beneficial physiological functionsso controversial. Male Opponents of circumcision also causes psychological problems that tend to perpetuate consider the cycle circumcision of abuse. Male circumcision is non-consenting minors to be unethical and a costly diversion of medical resources away from beneficial services. Male circumcision violates legal rights, [[human rights]]violation, and ethical standards. Finally, we must remember that males are the more vulnerable and sensitive of the two genders and, therefore, deserve the greater degree of protection from traumatic, invasive, injurious,and unnecessary surgery. For all of these reasons the non-therapeutic circumcision of boys should not be performed and the unless there is concrete [[genital integritymedical indication]] .=== Consent by surrogates ===Medical ethics has long recognized limitations on the power of all children should be respected and protectedconsent by surrogates.<ref name="hill2007">{{REFjournal |last=HillCommittee on Bioethics, American Academy of Pediatrics |firstetal=Georgeno |inittitle=GInformed consent, parental permission, and assent in pediatric practice |authortrans-linktitle=George Hill |titlelanguage=The case against circumcision |journal=Journal of Men's Health and GenderPediatrics |location= |date=20071995 |volume=495 |issue=32 |article= |page= |pages=318314-2317 |url=https://www.academiacirp.eduorg/8367383library/The_Case_Against_Circumcisionethics/AAP/ |archived=
</blockquote>
* The [[Royal Australasian College of Physicians]] Two ethicists, Myers & Earp (20102020) said: <blockquote>Ethical , have conducted a detailed review and analysis of the claimed medical benefits of ''non-therapeutic'' [[human rightscircumcision]] concerns . They have been raised regarding elective infant male circumcision because it is recognised that determined than the foreskin has alleged benefits are not material, so they do not support granting of consent by a functional rolesurrogate. In other words, the operation is non''Non-therapeutic and the infant '' circumcision is unable to consentnot truly healthcare. After reviewing the currently available evidenceMoreover, they comment that even the RACP believes that most perfectly executed surgery produces [[trauma]] and harm to the frequency patient. Circumcision also produces tissue loss and loss of diseases modifiable by function, therefore, circumcision, should be performed only after the individual reaches the level age of protection offered consent. <u>Consent by a surrogate for a ''non-therapeutic'' circumcision and the complication rates of circumcision do not warrant routine infant circumcision in Australia and New Zealand. However it a minor child is reasonable for parents to weigh the benefits and risks of circumcision and to make the decision whether or not to circumcise their sonsan unethical practice.</u><ref name="racp2010myers2020">{{REFdocument |title=Circumcision of Infant Males |url=https://www.racp.edu.au//docs/default-source/advocacy-library/circumcision-of-infant-males.pdf |contribution=REFjournal |last=Myers |first= |publisherinit=The Royal Australasian College of PhysiciansA |format=PDF |date=2010author-09-01 |accessdatelink=2021-11-08}}</ref></blockquote> * The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] (AAP) has not re-affirmed its disastrous, failed 2012 Circumcision Policy Statement, which expired in 2017, so currently has no position on child circumcision. * Medical historian [[Robert Darby]] (2014) wrote simply:<blockquote>"To avoid circumcision complications, avoid circumcision."<ref>{{REFjournal |lastlast2=DarbyEarp |firstfirst2= |initinit2=RBD |authorauthor2-link=Robert DarbyBrian D. Earp |etal=no |title=To avoid circumcision complications, avoid circumcisionWhat is the best age to circumcise? A medical and ethical analysis |trans-title= |language= |journal=Can Urol Assoc JBiosoc Sci |location= |date=20142020-08-1409 |volume=834 |issue=7-8 |article= |page=231 |pages=560-72 |url=https://cuajonlinelibrary.ca/indexwiley.phpcom/journaldoi/articleabs/view10.1111/1709/1823bioe.12714 |archived=
</blockquote>{{SEEALSO}}* The [[Canadian Paediatric SocietyAdolescent and adult circumcision]] (CPS) (2015) said:* [[Bodily harm]]<blockquote>In most jurisdictions, authority is limited only to interventions deemed to be medically necessary. In cases in which medical necessity is not established or a proposed treatment is based on personal preference, interventions should be deferred until the individual concerned is able to make their own choices.<ref name="CPS2015">{{REFjournal* [[Breastfeeding]] |last=Sorokin* [[Case Histories]] |first=S. Todd* [[Circumcision maps]] |init=ST* [[Circumcision methods]] |author-link=* [[Circumcision scar]] |last2=Finlay* [[Circumpendium]] |first2=JC* [[Circumstraint]] |author2-link=* [[Documented severe complications of circumcision]] |last3=Jeffries |first3=AL |author3* [[Ethics of non-link= |etal=yes |title=Newborn male therapeutic child circumcision]] |journal=Paediatr Child Health* [[FGM]] |location=* [[Human rights]] |date=2015-08* [[Lymphoedema]] |volume=20* [[MGM]] |issue=6* [[Pain]] |pages=311-20* [[Psychological issues of male circumcision]] |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4578472/* [[Rights situation on circumcision]] |quote=* [[Risks and complications]] |pubmedID=26435672* [[Sexual effects of circumcision]] |pubmedCID=4578472* [[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome]] (SIDS) |DOI=10.1093/pch/20.6.311 |accessdate=2019-10-27* [[Trauma]]{{LINKS}}</ref></blockquote>
Circumcision is most often performed in healthy males for [[Religion and Culture* {{REFjournal |religious or cultural]] reasons. The procedure may be performed on consenting adults, but it is most often performed on non-consenting minors, particularly newborn children, which is why the ritual is so controversial. Opponents of circumcision consider the circumcision of non-consenting minors to be unethical and a [[human rights]] violation, unless there is concrete [[medical indication]].last=Testa |first=Patrick |init= |author-link= Consent by surrogates |last2=Block |first2=Walter E. |init2=Medical ethics has long recognized limitations on the power of consent by surrogates.<ref>{{REFjournal |lastauthor2-link=Committee on Bioethics, American Academy of Pediatrics
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intaction.org/what-is-circumcision/
|title=What is circumcision?
|last=Simone
|first=Judy
|author-link=
|publisher=Intaction
|website=https://intaction.org/
|date=2020-07-26
|accessdate=2020-10-04
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|quote=
}}
* {{REFjournal
|last=Deacon
|first=
|init=M
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|journal= Int J Impot Res
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{{REF}}
Add text and Wikify.
{{GraphicWarning}}
"Male '''circumcision''' (from Latin ''circumcidere'', meaning "to cut around") is the surgical removal or [[amputation]] of the [[foreskin]] (prepuce) , a major part of the human [[penis]]. The foreskin comprises ''more than fifty percent'' of the epithelium of the [[penis]].<ref name="taylor1996">{{TaylorJR LockwoodAP TaylorAJ 1996}}</ref> When the "cutting around" is performed, the foreskin falls off, so [[amputation]] and [[mutilation]] is the result. The amputation destroys the [[Foreskin#Physiological_functions| many protective, immunological, sexual, and sensory physiological functions]] of the foreskin, so it is a very harmful and [[Pain| painful]] surgery.
|author2-link=
|etal=no
|title=Immunohistological study of What is the density and distribution of human penile neural tissue: gradient hypothesis |transmedical evidence on non-title=therapeutic child circumcision?
|journal= Int J Impot Res
|date=20232022-0501-02 |volume=35 |issue=3 |article= |page= |pages=286-30508 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41443-022021-0056100502-9 |archived= |quote=y |pubmedID=35501394 |pubmedCID=34997197 |DOI=10.1038/s41443-022021-0056100502-9 y |accessdate=20232022-1101-2330
}}</ref>
|volume=
|issuechapter=
|pages=
|location=New York |publisher=Plenum |isbn=0-306-45589-7 |quote= |accessdate=2021-11-13 |note=}}</ref> Medical historians assume that circumcision already served in ancient history as a way to control the sexuality of slaves and members of the lower classes without compromising their ability to reproduce. In religious history circumcision may be seen as a substitute for human sacrifice. In prehistoric times it was not uncommon to placate the gods with human sacrifice. Castration of slaves or conquered enemies was common as well. Following religious changes this sacrifice was altered, and only a part of the very organ responsible for the creation of new life was sacrificed. [[Image:Circumcision Sakkara 3.jpg|200px|right]] For the [[Aborigines]], the [[Australia| Australian]] natives, the tradition of circumcision is said to go back to 10,000 BC. On the African continent, the first circumcisions are assumed to have emerged around 6000 BC. From ancient Egypt hints of various forms of circumcision date back to the time around 3000-2000 BC. The oldest known depiction<ref>{{REFweb |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Circumcision_Sakkara_3.jpg |title=File:Circumcision Sakkara 3.jpg |accessdate=20232019-0310-0112}}</ref>is an Egyptian tomb relief from the 6th dynasty, approximately 2300-2000 BC. It is not known precisely who was circumcised and why in those times.
|first=
|author-linkpublisher=NASB |yearwebsite=1997Bible Gateway |titledate=The geography of sexual mutilations |urlaccessdate=https://www.academia.edu/4212007/The_Geography_of_Male_and_Female_Genital_Mutilations |work=Sexual Mutilations: A Human Tragedy |editors=George C. Denniston, Marilyn Milos |edition= |volume= |chapter= |pages= |location=New York |publisher=Plenum |isbn=02019-30611-45589-710 |quoteformat= |accessdate=2021-11-13 |notequote=And when eight days had passed, before His circumcision, His name was then called Jesus, the name given by the angel before He was conceived in the womb.}}</ref> Medical historians assume that circumcision already served in ancient history as a way to control the sexuality of slaves and members of the lower classes without compromising their ability to reproduce. In religious history circumcision may be seen as a substitute for human sacrifice. In prehistoric times it was not uncommon to placate the gods with human sacrifice. Castration of slaves or conquered enemies was common as well. Following religious changes this sacrifice was altered, and only a part of the very organ responsible for the creation of new life was sacrificed.
The first Christians had been born Jewish, so a question arose whether one must be [[Image:Circumcision Sakkara 3.jpg|200px|rightcircumcised]] For to be a Christian. When Christian leaders met at the [[AboriginesCouncil at Jerusalem]], in the [[Australia| Australian]] natives, the tradition of circumcision is said First Century to go back decide what was required to 10be a Christian,000 BC. On a letter was written to explain the African continentrequirements, the first circumcisions are assumed to have emerged around 6000 BC. From ancient Egypt hints of various forms of but circumcision date back to was omitted from the time around 3000-2000 BCrequirements. The oldest known depiction<ref>{{REFweb |url=https://commonswww.wikimediabiblegateway.orgcom/wikipassage/File:Circumcision_Sakkara_3.jpg?search=Acts+15%3A1-30&version=NASB |title=FileActs 15:Circumcision Sakkara 3.jpg1-30 |last=Luke |first= |accessdate=2019-11-10-12}}</ref> is an Egyptian tomb relief from the 6th dynasty, approximately 2300-2000 BC. It is not known precisely who was circumcised and why in those times.
In many cultures Christianity, circumcision is practiced only in the Coptic denomination. There is no general belief that circumcision during puberty serves as is a rite requirement of passageChristianity.<ref name="hill2004">{{REFweb |url=https://www.cirp.org/pages/cultural/christian.php |title=The Holy Bible, bringing adolescents into the community. As with other painful or humiliating initiation ritesCircumcision, False Prophets, proof of courage and mastering Christian Parents |last=Hill |first=George |author-link=George Hill |publisher=Circumcision Reference Library |website= |date=2004-08-29 |accessdate=2019-11-10 |format=HTML |quote=The falseness of critical situations are the key motivations. From some African tribes it those who advocate circumcision is also known that the [[amputation]] of the [[foreskin]] is seen as a recurrent theme in the removal of an inborn piece of femininity from the boys, thus making them menNew Testament.}}</ref>
{{Citation
|Text=10 This A remedy which is almost always successful in small boys is circumcision, especially when there is my covenant with you and your descendants after youany degree of [[phimosis]]. The operation should be performed by a surgeon without administering an anaesthetic, as the brief pain attending the operation will have a salutary effect upon the covenant you are to keep: Every male among you shall be circumcised. 11 You are to undergo circumcisionmind, and especially if it will be connected with the sign idea of the covenant between me and you. 12 For the generations to come every male among you who is eight days old must punishment, as it may well be circumcised, including those born in your household or bought with money from a foreigner—those who are not your offspringsome cases. 13 Whether born in your household or bought with your moneyIn females, they must be circumcised. My covenant in your flesh is the author has found the application of pure carbolic acid to be an everlasting covenant. 14 Any the [[uncircumcisedclitoris]] malean excellent means of allaying the abnormal excitement, who has not been circumcised and preventing the recurrence of the practice in the flesh, those whose will be cut off from his people; he -power has broken my covenantbecome so weakened that the patient is unable to exercise entire self-control.” |Author=Bible[[John Harvey Kellogg]] |Source=Gen 17, 10 |ref=<ref>{{REFbook |last=Kellogg |first=John Harvey |init=JH |author-link=John Harvey Kellogg |url=https://archive.org/details/plainfaorold00kell/page/290 |chapter=Treatment for Self-14abuse and Its Effects |title=Plain Facts for Old and Young |location=Burlington, NIVIowa |publisher=F. Segner & Co. |year=1888 |page=107}}</ref>}} According to the anthropologist and sociologist Rabbi Nissan Rubin, the ===Islam===In [[Jewish circumcision| Jewish form of circumcisionIslam]], called ''[[Brit Milah| brit mila]]''circumcision is also religiously founded, during even though there is no mention of it in the first two millennia did not include Koran itself. According to tradition, the later customary ''Prophet Mohammed was born without a [[periahforeskin]]'', namely the complete scraping . It is seen as a sign of the inner prophets that they are born without a [[foreskin]] from already. It is considered an honour to "resemble the example of the Prophet", meaning to be [[Glans penis|glanscircumcised]]. This was only added around 135 ADIn Islam, to make it almost impossible to restore the [[foreskin]] by unlike [[stretchingJudaism]], there is no specific age at which became popular in the wake of Hellenic influencecircumcision should be performed. While originally only the tip of the [[foreskin]] was cut offMost circumcisions take place at ages between 6 and 10 years, ''[[periah]]'' removes but the entire [[foreskin]]range goes from birth to adulthood.
===Cultural=== Many cultures perform circumcision as a rite of passage into manhood. This is common in the Middle East and amongst some indigenous African and Southeast Asian peoples. The first Christians had been born Jewish, so a question arose whether one must be [[circumcisedUnited States]] to be a Christian. When Christian leaders met at the and [[Council at JerusalemIsrael]] are the only industrialized countries in the First Century world to decide what was required to be have a Christian, a letter was written to explain high incidence of non-therapeutic infant male circumcision. The vast majority of infant circumcisions performed in the requirementsUnited States are for non-religious, but non-medical reasons. See [[History of circumcision was omitted from the requirements]].<ref>{{REFweb |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+15%3A1-30&version=NASB |title=Acts 15:1-30 |last=Luke |first= |accessdate=2019-11-10}}</ref>
|last=Cheyne
|first=T. K.
|accessdate=2023-10-22
}}</ref> They are made to enable a physician to perform circumcision and collect a fee.
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===Search for prophylactic reasons===
''The following text is taken from the [[Circumpendium]].''
-->
=== Prophylactic reasons ===
Some people claim that circumcision has prophylactic benefits. Especially in the [[USA ]] those arguments have persisted for more then a 100 years, with ever changing diseases circumcision is said to protect against. At first, these were diseases where [[masturbation]] was believed to be the cause. After bacteria and viruses had been discovered, arguments changed, and one after another miscellaneous diseases were cited.
* [[Phimosis]]: as mentioned earlier, true [[phimosis]] is rare and can be treated effectively without surgery. According to a study by Blalock et al. (2003)<ref name="blalock2003">{{REFjournal
|url=https://www.cirp.org/library/general/laumann/
|accessdate=2019-11-06
}}</ref>, which found a higher rate of infection with bacterial venereal diseases in [[circumcised ]] than in [[intact ]] men.* The studies by Fleiss et al. (1998) support this.<ref name="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998">{{FleissP HodgesF VanHoweRS 1998}}</ref> According to the [[AAP]], the general sexual behaviour of the male - — such as frequent change in partners and the use of condoms - — has a much higher impact on sexually transmitted diseases then the circumcision status.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Task Force on Circumcision
|first=
* Two studies that have been published in early 2007<ref>{{RCT Gray et al 2007}}</ref><ref>{{RCT Bailey et al 2007}}</ref>, which investigated the effectiveness of circumcision as a means of reducing the spread of [[HIV]] from infected women to heterosexual men in African high risk areas, have been repeatedly subjected to strong criticism. Both studies were ended prematurely, which distorted the results. The men who had been [[circumcised]] for the study had to stay sexually inactive during the wound healing, which gave the intact control group more relative opportunity to become infected. These African randomized clinical trials have been demonstrated to have very serious methodological and statistical errors that distort the results in favor of circumcision.<ref name="boyle-hill2011">{{BoyleGJ HillG 2011}}</ref>
The fact that the [[USA ]] has both the highest rate percentage of [[circumcised]] males in the western world, as well as the highest [[HIV]] infection rate, makes the studies look dubious. Besides that, several other studies concluded that circumcision does not have a significant impact on the risk of infection with [[HIV]].<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Grosskurth
|init=H
|url=
|accessdate=
}}</ref> found that, during the first 6 years of life, the incidence of UTIs [[UTI]]s in boys was 1.8%, but in girls was 6.6%. UTIs are less common in boys after the first year of life. Mueller et al. <ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Mueller
|init=ER
|accessdate=
}}</ref> did not find a significant difference in UTI rates between [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] boys with normal urinary tract anatomy.
* Other studies suggest that circumcision is more likely to raise than to lower the generally low risk of acquiring UTI: multiple studies from [[Israel ]] showed a strong correlation between ritual circumcision on the 8th day of life and postoperative UTI.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Menahem
|init=S
|accessdate=
}}</ref>
* It can be concluded that circumcision is ineffective as a preventive measure against UTIs[[UTI]].
* Penile and cervical cancer / HPV: first studies on those diseases and their assumed prevention by circumcision date back to 1932, a time when the cause for those illnesses was not yet fully understood.<ref>{{Wolbarst1932}}</ref> Today, it is known that sexually transmitted human papillomavirus (HPV) is a major risk factor<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=McCance
''Hygiene'' refers to health and only secondarily to cleanliness.
One should note that the human [[foreskin ]] is endowed by nature with [[Foreskin#Immunological_functions| immunological functions]] that serve to protect the human body from disease.<ref name="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998"/> The [[glans penis ]] receives blood through the frenular artery.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Persad
|init=R
A common reason stated for circumcision is the assumption of hygienic benefits. This argument has to be viewed in the context of the environment the person in question grows up in. It is commonly known that bad hygienic circumstances, especially insufficient access to clean drinking water, pose a serious problem. The situation in disaster areas or refugee camps in the so-called third world keep reminding us of that.
In western industrial nations, however, this problem does not exist, in view of the availability of clean water for daily personal hygiene. If the cleaning of the genitals is performed on a daily basis - — and that may be assumed - — no pathogens can accumulate under the [[foreskin]]. Cleaning of the [[Glans penis|glans]] and the area [[preputial sac]] underneath the [[foreskin]] is easy - — they are simply [[Preputial_sac#Washing| washed with warm water along with the rest of the body]], just like the areas between the toes.
In small boys, where the [[foreskin]] cannot be retracted yet, cleaning is not necessary, since the [[Synechia| membrane]] that fuses the [[foreskin]] to the [[Glans penis|glans]] prevents the accumulation of micro-organisms. The so-called "[[Ballooning of the foreskin| ballooning]]", where the [[foreskin]] inflates during urination, is not a serious problemconcern.
The opening of the [[foreskin]] in small boys is often quite narrow and serves as a one-way valve, allowing the [[urine]] to flow out, but preventing entry of microbes, for example from a dirty diaper. As long as the child is able to pass water, everything works as nature intended.
But even in areas where there are poorer hygienic conditions and an insufficient access to medical care, the benefits of easier cleaning of a [[circumcised ]] [[penis]] are to be viewed with a critical eye. Although even longer periods without personal hygiene will not result in an accumulation of germs under the [[foreskin]], circumcision itself is not without risk of complications. If the operation is carried out without proper sterility, there is a high risk of an [[infection]] of the wound. This also applies to the treatment of common complications like post-operative [[bleeding]].
The benefit of easier cleaning must be balanced against the risk of promoting serious infections - — among others [[HIV]] - — during the operation. In parts of Africa, several dozen of one tribe's boys die each year as a result of their circumcision.
== Circumcision methods ==
The [[Circumcision methods]] are discussed in a separate article.
== Risks and late effects Pain == Just like tonsil or appendix surgeryIn the past, advocates of circumcision is claimed that a surgical intervention newborn child's nerve system was not yet fully developed, and brings that as a result, the usual risks related to surgical operations, alongside several specific risks of complications and late effectschild felt no [[pain]] during the circumcision procedure. Uberoi et al[[Kanwaljeet J. Singh Anand| Anand]] & Hickey (20221987) report "some men are experiencing a complex negative constellation of psychological, physicalhave shown that newborn children do in fact feel [[pain]], and sexual associations that lead to significant emotional distress directed both internally and externallymore acutely than adults. The posts also reveal a discovery phenomenon wherein men discover the physical and psychological manifestations of the decisions made by others to modify their genitals."<ref name ="uberoi2022anand-hickey1987">{{REFjournal |last=UberoiAnand |first= |init=MKJS |author-link=Kanwaljeet J. Singh Anand |last2=AbdulcadirHickey |first2= |init2=JPR |author2-link= |last3etal=Ohino |first3title=Pain and its effects in the human neonate and fetus |init3trans-title=DA |author3-linklanguage= |last4journal=SantiagoNew Engl J Med |first4location= |init4date=JE1987-11-19 |author4-linkvolume=317 |last5issue=21 |first5pages=1321-9 |init5url=https://www.cirp.org/library/pain/anand/ |author5-linkquote=However, in decisions about the use of these techniques, current knowledge suggests that humane considerations should apply as forcefully to the care of neonates and young, nonverbal infants as they do to children and adults in similar painful and stressful situations. |last6pubmedID=3317037 |first6pubmedCID= |init6DOI=10.1056/NEJM198711193172105 |author6accessdate=2019-11-link=08}}</ref> This has led American health associations to recommend doctors take measures to reduce the [[pain]] of circumcision in infants. |last7= The [https://www.cirp.org/library/statements/aap1999/|first7=AAP Circumcision Policy Statement] (1999) states quite clearly that ''"There is considerable evidence that newborns who are [[circumcised]] without analgesia experience pain and physiologic stress"''. Furthermore, the pain is quite severe, and requires injections for proper pain management. Sucrose and Acetaminophen ''"cannot be recommended as the sole method of analgesia"''. Topical cream is no longer thought sufficient as ''"the analgesic effect is limited during the phases associated with extensive tissue trauma such as...tightening of the clamp"''.<ref>{{REFjournal |init7last= |author7-linkfirst= |last8title=American Academy of Pediatrics: Circumcision Policy Statement; Task Force on Circumcision |first8journal=Pediatrics |init8date= |author81999-link=03 |last9volume=103 |first9issue=3 |init9pages= |author9686-link=93 |etalurl=yeshttps://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/103/3/686#sec-9 |titleaccessdate=Potentially under2019-recognized late11-stage physical and psychosexual complications of non-therapeutic neonatal penile circumcision: a qualitative and quantitative analysis of self-reports from an online community forum26 |trans-titlenote=Statement Reaffirmed Sept. 1, 2005 |language=}}</ref> |journal=Int J Impot Res The [[AAFP]] (2002) states quite simply in their [https://www.cirp.org/library/statements/aafp2002/|location=position paper], ''"Newborns experience pain during circumcision".''<ref>{{REFweb |datetitle=2022-10-23Circumcision: Position Paper on Neonatal Circumcision. Board Approved: August 2007 Reaffirmed |volumewebsite=Official American Academy of Family Physicians Website |issueurl=http://www.aafp.org/online/en/home/clinical/clinicalrecs/children/circumcision.html |articleaccessdate=2011-05-02 |page=}}</ref> This is not a debatable fact, and yet, it is not widely accepted, even by some doctors. It might be hard for some doctors to accept, as they may have been taught that the infant does not feel [[pain]], and may have performed countless circumcisions with this idea. Usage of anesthesia for infant circumcision is still by no means the rule. |pages= |url=httpsPenile injections of local anesthetic are now recommended by all of the major medical institutions if a circumcision is to be performed. In their [http://www.natureama-assn.comorg/articlesama/s41443no-022index/about-00619-8ama/13585.shtml Report 10 of the Council on Scientific Affairs], the AMA states ''"When the decision is made to proceed with circumcision, local anesthesia should be provided for the procedure. [[Ring block]] or [[dorsal penile nerve block]] [injections] are most effective. [[EMLA]] cream has limited utility"''. Alarmingly, ''"Despite the clear evidence that newborn males generate brisk pain responses during circumcision, a recent survey of residency training programs found that 26% of programs that taught circumcision provided no instruction on the use of local anesthesia". The AMA reports that "Of physicians performing circumcision, 45% use anesthesia, 71% of pediatricians, 56% of family practitioners, and 25% of obstetricians"''.<ref>{{REFweb |archivedtitle=Report 10 of the Council on Scientific Affairs (I-99): Neonatal Circumcision |quotewebsite=American Medical Association Official Website |pubmedIDurl=36274189 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10http://www.ama-assn.1038org/ama/s41443no-022index/about-00619-8ama/13585.shtml |accessdate=20232011-0105-0804
}}</ref>
The AAP's [http://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/prenatal/decisions-to-make/pages/Where-We-Stand-Circumcision.aspx Heatlhy Children website] suggests ''"Your pediatrician (or your obstetrician) should discuss the forms of analgesia that are available"''.<ref>{{REFweb |title=Where We Stand: Circumcision |publisher=[[AAP]] |date= Possible operative and postoperative complications =2011-03-23 |url=http://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/prenatal/decisions-to-make/pages/Where-We-Stand-Circumcision.aspx |accessdate=2019-10-12}}</ref> Be that as it may, few forms of analgesia are recommended. There are basically two types of injections to choose from, and the website does not go into the difference between a 'dorsal nerve block' and a 'ring block' injection.
|first=
|publisher=Spiegel Online |websitedate=2011-04-08 |dateaccessdate=20122011-04-08}}</ref> a topical cream,<ref>{{REFweb |quote=Then in our office, he will have topical anesthetic applied to his penis. |url=http://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision-12before.html |title=Before the Circumcision |last= |first= |accessdatepublisher=2019-10-11 |formatdate=2011-04-08 |quoteaccessdate=2011-04-08}}</ref>. In unsedated and partially sedated infants increased secretion of the stress hormone cortisol could be observed for months after the operation. Overall, their pain threshold was lower and the risk of chronic pain increased. Regardless of these findings, infant circumcisions with insufficient /or no a local anaesthetic are still common practiceinjection called a dorsal penile ring block.<ref>{{REFjournalREFweb |lastquote=GarryWe use extensive pain control methods including Tylenol, a sugar solution (to reduce pain perceptions), a topical freezing cream, and a local anesthetic injection. |initurl=Thttp://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision-guide.html |title=Parents' Guide to Circumcision: a survey of fees and practices |journallast=OBG Management |datefirst=1994 |volumepublisher=October |issuedate= |pagesaccessdate=342011-04-6 |url= |accessdate=08}}</ref>Topical anaesthetic only serves to numb the area to lessen the pain of the injection, but studies have shown that a [[dorsal penile nerve block]] is only partially effective in stopping the [[Pain| pain of circumcision]].<refname="Journal of Perinatology April/May 2002">{{REFjournal |last=HowardTaeusch |initfirst=CRH. William |last2init=HowardHW |init2last2=FMMartinez |last3first2=GarfunkelAlma M. |init3init2=LCAM |last4last3=de BlieckPartridge |init4first3=EAJ. Colin |last5init3=WeitzmanJC |init5last4=MSniderman |titlefirst4=Neonatal circumcision and pain relief: current training practicesSusan |journalinit4=PediatricsS |datelast5=1998Armstrong-Wells |volumefirst5=101Jennifer |issueinit5=J |pageslast6=423Fuentes-8Afflick |urlfirst6=Elena |accessdateinit6=}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournalE |lasttitle=StangPain During Mogen or Plastibell Circumcision |initjournal=HJJournal of Perinatology |last2volume=Snellman22 |init2issue=LW3 |titlepages=Circumcision practice patterns in the United States214-8 |url=http://www.nature.com/jp/journal=Pediatrics/v22/n3/full/7210653a.html |datequote=1998...more than half of the study group had what we considered excessive pain/discomfort over the course of the entire procedure. |volumepubmedID=101 |issuepubmedCID=e5 |pagesDOI= |urlnote=April/May 2002 |accessdatedate=2002-04 |noteaccessdate=Link to [[AAP]] website2011-04-08}}</ref>. During procedures which take several minutes, babies tend to fall into a state of stupor, which in the past was falsely interpreted as peaceful sleep, nurturing the belief that babies felt no pain. Measurements taken in those cases revealed a typically 3- to 4-fold increase in cortisol levels, which equals a state of severe [[shock]].<refname="Clinical Pediatrics August 1986">{{REFjournal |last=GunnarWilliamson |initfirst=MRPaul S. |last2init=FischPS |init2last2=ROEvans |last3first2=KorsvikNolan Donovan |init3=S |last4=Donhowe |init4init2=JMND |title=The effects of circumcision on serum cortisol and behaviorNeonatal Cortisol Response to Circumcision with Anesthesia |journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology |date=1981Clinical Pediatrics |volume=625 |issue=38 |pages=269412-756 |url=httpshttp://wwwcpj.cirpsagepub.orgcom/librarycontent/pain25/gunnar8/412.abstract |quote=The adrenal cortisol response to surgery was not significantly reduced by the administration of lidocaine. |pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI= |date=1986-08 |accessdate=20192011-1104-2608}}</ref>* Postoperative wound painDuring circumcision, in the case of somp physicians give children's circumcisions conceivably worsened by sugar pacifiers to "reduce the forceful breaking perception of the preputial adhesions.pain",<ref>{{REFweb* Postoperative pain from |quote=During the exposure of the sensitive glans penis circumcision, your son will receive sugar pacifiers to clothing. This suck on which reduce his pain will endure for several weeks or even longer in some casesperceptions.* Postoperative [[bleeding]] of the wound |url=http://www. This can have severe consequences especially for very young infants, if they are not treated promptlypollockclinics. Their blood volume is only about 85 ml per kilogram of body weight, and even moderate blood loss can lead to hypovolaemia, hypovolaemic [[shock]] and even deathcom/circumcision/circumcision-before.<ref>{{REFbookhtml |title=Before the Circumcision
|last=
|first=
|yearpublisher=2000 |titledate=Paediatric Handbook2011-04-08 |urlaccessdate=2011-04-08}}</ref> but in at least one study, data shows that giving sugar to a child doesn't help to reduce the perception of pain in the child.<ref name="Lancet, The 2010-10-09">{{REFjournal |worklast=Slater |editorsfirst=Smart J, Nolan T.Rebeccah |editioninit=6R |volumefirst2=Laura |chapterinit2=L |pagelast2=82Cornelissen |locationfirst3={{AUSC|VIC}}, AustraliaLorenzo |publisherinit3=Blackwell Science AsiaL |isbnlast3=Fabrizi |quotefirst4=Debbie |accessdateinit4=D |notelast4=}}</ref><ref>{{REFdocumentPatten |titlefirst5=Autopsy of Demetrius MankerJan |urlinit5=J |contributionlast5=Case 93-1711Yoxen |lastfirst6=WetliAlan |firstinit6=CVA |publisherlast6=Miami: Dade County Medical Examiner DepartmentWorley |formatfirst7=Stewart |dateinit7=1993-06-23S |accessdatelast7=}}</ref> <ref>{{REFjournalBoyd |lastfirst8=HissJudith |initinit8=J |last2last8=HorowitzMeek |init2first9=AMaria |last3init9=KahanaM |init3last9=TProf. Fitzgerald |title=Fatal haemorrhage following male ritual circumcisionOral sucrose as an analgesic drug for procedural pain in newborn infants: a randomised controlled trial |journal=J Clin Forensic Med |date=2000The Lancet |volume=7376 |issue=9748 |pages=1225-32-4 |url=httpshttp://www.cirpthelancet.orgcom/libraryjournals/deathlancet/hiss1article/ |accessdate=2019PIIS0140-116736%2810%2961303-06}}<7/ref><ref>{{REFdocumentfulltext |titlequote=Judgement of inquiry into the death of McWillisOur data suggest that oral sucrose does not significantly affect activity in neonatal brain or spinal cord nociceptive circuits, Ryleigh Roman Bryan |url=http://wwwand therefore might not be an effective analgesic drug.circumstitions.com/death-exsangThe ability of sucrose to reduce clinical observational scores after noxious events in newborn infants should not be interpreted as pain relief.html |contributionpubmedID= |lastpubmedCID=Newell |first=TEC |publisher=Burnaby, B.C.: B.C. Coroner's Service |formatDOI= |date=20042010-0110-1909 |accessdate=20192011-1104-2608}}</ref>* Post -operative [[lymphoedema]]pain and the pain the child must endure during recovery is hardly, if ever, addressed by professionals.* Postoperative It has been shown that an infant's response to [[Infection| infectionspain]]. This includes both local infections, which can be treated with local therapy, and systemic infections, requiring systemic antibiotic treatmentaltered for years as a consequence of circumcision.<ref>{{REFconference |last=Dr. med. Hartmann |first=Wolfgang |url= |place=Rechtsausschuss des Bundestages [Legal Committee of the Bundestag] (German) |title=Stellungnahme zur Anhörung am 26. November 2012 [Opinion on the hearing on 26 November 2012] (German) |date=2012-11-26 |accessdate=TaddioA etal 1995}}</ref><ref>{{TaddioA KatzJ IlersichAL KorenG 1997}}</ref>* [[Wound dehiscence]]{{Box|Boxtext=<big><b>However, meaning the separation none of the edges above three procedures totally eliminate pain. A baby boy will still experience some pain despite any of the wound or the tissue after suturingthose analgesic procedures.* Adhesion between the surface or rim Prevention of the [[Glans penis|glanspain]] with requires protecting a boy from elective neonatal non-therapeutic circumcision. Only boys who are protected from the neighbouring medically unnecessary circumcision surgery experience no [[penile skinpain]], causing or [[skintrauma]] pockets .</b></big>}} == Risks and bridges, as well as visually unpleasant results effects ==Just like uneven scarstonsil or appendix surgery, which make circumcision is a re-circumcision necessarysurgical intervention and brings the usual risks related to surgical operations, alongside several specific risks of complications and late effects. Uberoi et al.* Postoperative [[phimosis]]: (2022) report "some men are experiencing a phimotic ring can develop during scarringcomplex negative constellation of psychological, physical, which makes a re-circumcision necessaryand sexual associations that lead to significant emotional distress directed both internally and externally. According to The posts also reveal a study discovery phenomenon wherein men discover the physical and psychological manifestations of the decisions made by Blalock et alothers to modify their genitals."<refname ="uberoi2022">{{REFjournal |last=BlalockUberoi |first= |init=HJM |author-link= |last2=VemulakondaAbdulcadir |first2= |init2=VJ |author2-link= |last3=RitcheyOhi |first3= |init3=MLDA |author3-link= |last4=RibbeckSantiago |first4= |init4=MJE |author4-link= |last5= |titlefirst5=Outpatient management of [[phimosis]] Following newborn circumcision |journalinit5=J Urol |dateauthor5-link=2003 |volumelast6=169 |issuefirst6=6 |pagesinit6=2332 |author6-4link= |urllast7= |first7=https://www.cirp.org/library/complications/blalock1/ |accessdateinit7=2019 |author7-11link= |last8= |first8= |init8= |author8-26link=}}</ref>, the prevalence is 2.9%, according to Leitch<ref>{{REFjournal |last9= |first9= |init9= |lastauthor9-link=Leitch |initetal=IOWyes |title=Circumcision Potentially under- recognized late-stage physical and psychosexual complications of non-therapeutic neonatal penile circumcision: a continuing enigmaqualitative and quantitative analysis of self-reports from an online community forum |trans-title= |language= |journal=Aust Paediatr Int JImpot Res |location= |date=19702022-10-23 |volume=6
|issue=
|pagesarticle=59-65 |urlpage=https://www.cirp.org/library/general/leitch1/ |accessdatepages=2019-12-15}}</ref> 5.5%.* [[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome]] (SIDS).* Knot formation of the veins. If the dorsal vein, which originates in the tip of the [[foreskin]], is cut during circumcision without being clamped and sutured at its origin separately, it starts to develop new branches over time, which can lead to the development of knots.* Possible deformities due to circumcision include hypoplasia of the [[penis]] (micro-penis) and induratio [[penis]] plastica (skewed penis).* Medical malpractice can also not be ruled out. Injuries, partly or entirely severing the [[Glans penis|glans]] or the [[penis]] can occur.* In rare cases, [[necrosis]], gangrene, ischaemia, keloid formation, and circulatory problems may also occur.* When the circumcision is followed by the ultra-orthodox Jewish ritual of Metzitzah B'Peh (which consists of sucking blood from the wound with the mouth), there is a risk of infection with [[herpes]] simplex type 1, which can lead to brain damage or [[death]].<ref>{{REFweb |url=httphttps://www.nytimesnature.com/2012/03articles/08/nyregion/infantss41443-death022-renews00619-debate-over-a-circumcision-ritual.html?_r8 |archived=0 |titlequote=Baby’s Death Renews Debate Over a Circumcision Ritual |lastpubmedID=Robbins36274189 |firstpubmedCID=Liz |dateDOI=201210.1038/s41443-022-0300619-078 |accessdate=20192023-1001-1108}}</ref> === Physical late effects ===* [[Bodily harm]]* [[Circumcision scar]] is an invariable effect.* An unavoidable late effect of any circumcision is the permanent loss of sexual sensitivity. This is partly due to the removal of sensory tissue. The [[foreskin]] contains very many nerve endings and touch receptors, which account for the major part of male sexual sensation. If the [[foreskin]] is removed, they can no longer provide sexual stimulation. It is also partly due to the fact that the surface of the [[Glans penis|glans]] reacts to the missing protection from friction and drying out by developing a callus layer. This reduces the sensitivity of the remaining nerves in the [[Glans penis|glans]] gradually over the years. The study conducted by Sorrells et al.<ref>{{Sorrells etal 2007}}</ref> found a significant reduction of sensitivity to touch for [[circumcised]] compared to [[intact]] [[penis]]es in adult males. Other studies revealed that [[circumcised]] men use condoms significantly less often than [[intact]] men, since they further limit the sexual sensitivity (see above).
* Painful tension can occur when there is too little reserve [[skin]] left to support a full [[erection]]<ref name="taylor1996"/>. This risk is partly dependent on the anatomy of the [[penis]]. While some [[penis]]es already have the majority of their full size when flaccid ([[Flesh Penis]], or "[[shower]]"), others are rather short when flaccid and double or more their size during an [[erection]] ([[Blood Penis]], or "[[grower]]"). Especially in children's circumcision, where the [[penis]] is not yet fully developed, the amount of reserve [[skin]] needed in adulthood cannot be estimated.
}}
=== Psychological late Sexual effects === [[Psychological_issues_of_male_circumcision#Circumcision_trauma_in_adults| Psychological late Cepeda-Emiliani et al (2023) cited six reports in the literature of detrimental effects]] are also possible after a of circumcision, especially if the operation was carried out in childhood. On this occasion a variety of [[trauma]] may occurincluding erectile function, sensation, which dependmasturbatory pleasure, among othersorgasm, on age and circumstances sexual satisfaction. The authors also cited three studies of the circumcision. For example, whether the circumcision took place with or without sufficient anaesthesia, if the individual has been informed about the operation beforehand, if he was severe distress in [[circumcised]] against his will or without his consentmen, and also, in the case of due to their infant circumcision, if he was told about it during childhood or had to find it out coincidentally on his own. The psychological late effects with complaints of circumcision are not yet fully researched, and many studies took place on rather a small scale. This situation needs to be rectified, because the available studies[[glans]] insensitivity, as well as the histories of negatively affected men, suggest that these late effects may have more impact than previously assumed. * It was observed that infants, following circumcision without delayed [[painejaculation]] control, had a disturbed bond with their motherand unpleasant sensation.<refname="cepeda2023">{{REFjournal |last=MarshallCepe da-Emiliani |first= |init=REA |author-link=Alfonso Cepeda-Emiliani |last2=PorterGándara-Cortés |first2= |init2=FLM |author2-link= |last3=RogersOtero-Alén |first3= |init3=AGM |author3-link= |last4=García |first4= |init4=H |author4-link= |last5=Suárez-Quintanilla |first5= |init5=J |author5-link= |last6=García-Caballero |first6= |init6=T |author6-link= |last7=Gallego |first7= |init7=R |author7-link= |last8=García-Caballero |first8= |init8=R |author8-link= |etal=yesno |title=CircumcisionImmunohistological study of the density and distribution of human penile neural tissue: II effects upon mothergradient hypothesis |trans-infant interactiontitle= |language= |journal=Early Hum DevInt J Impot Res |location= |date=19822023-05-02 |volume=735 |issue=43 |article= |page= |pages=367286-74305 |url=https://www.cirpnature.orgcom/libraryarticles/birth/marshall2s41443-022-00561-9 |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=35501394 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1038/s41443-022-00561-9 |accessdate=20202023-0211-0126}}</ref>, as well as problems Circumcision and frenectomy remove tissues with nurturingheightened erogenous sensitivity.<ref name="cepeda2023" /> <ref name="winkleman1959">{{WinkelmannRK 1959}}</ref> They concluded, up "Evidence has also started to the point of refusal to be fed. The sleeping habits of these babies were also disturbedaccumulate that male circumcision may result in lifelong physical, sexual, with prolonged non-REM sleep and increased wakingsometimes psychological harm as well." * In boys The [[circumcisedamputation]] of the prepuce results in childhood, [[postthe loss of the majority of fine-traumatic stress disorder]] (touch neuroreceptors found in the [[PTSDpenis]]) could be diagnosed. In a study on Philippine boys, in whom no [[PTSD]] was found prior to leaving only the operation, 69% uninhibited protopathic sensibility of the boys artificially externalized [[circumcisedglans penis]] in . The imbalance caused by not having the input from the traditional ritual and 51% now ablated fine-touch receptors may be a leading cause of those the changes in sexual behavior noted in [[circumcised]] by standard medical procedures (including anaesthesia) fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD following the operationhuman males.<ref>{{REFbookREFjournal |last=RamosVan Howe |init=SRS |last2author-link=BoyleRobert S. Van Howe |init2last2=GJCold |yearinit2=2001CJ |title=Understanding circumcision: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to a Multi-Dimensional ProblemAdvantages and Disadvantages of Neonatal Circumcision |urljournal=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4757-3351-8_14The Journal of the American Medical Association |workvolume=277 |editorsissue=[[George C. Denniston]], [[Frederick M. Hodges]], [[Marilyn Fayre Milos]]13 |editionpages=1052-7 |volume= |chapterurl=Ritual and medical circumcision among Filipino boyshttp: evidence of post-traumatic stress disorder//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9218663 |pagesquote=253-70 |locationpubmedID=New York9218663 |publisherpubmedCID=Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers |isbnDOI= |quotedate=1997-04-02
|accessdate=
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
* Circumcisions, especially those that happen without consent, can spark feelings of helplessness and alienation, which can persist as [[trauma]]. These feeling can also be triggered later, when someone [[circumcised]] as an infant becomes aware of his circumcision. In an online study, interviewed men stated they felt betrayed - 55% by the mother, 50% by the father, and 58% by the doctor, and 73% felt that their [[human rights]] had been violated.<ref name="GSoCH">{{REFweb |url=http://www.circumcisionharm.org/ |title=Global Survey of Circumcision Harm |accessdate=2019-10-12}}</ref>* It can frequently be found that the loss is denied, much as happens with the loss of other body parts. This denial can lead to fathers having their sons [[circumcised]] in order not to be reminded of their own loss. In this process, their own body is defined as "normal" and the [[foreskin]] redefined as a foreign object. Their own parents are seen as "good", so that this image is projected onto the circumcision their parents carried out as well, in order to keep the positive emotion intact. The father wants to be a "good" father later in life as well, and so, following an idealised image of his own parents, circumcision, which has been redefined as a "good thing", is passed on to his son by having him [[circumcised]] as well.<ref>{{VanderKolkBA 1989}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal |last=Goldman |init=R |author-link=Ronald Goldman |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/psych/goldman1/ |title=The psychological impact of circumcision |journal=BJU Int |date=1999 |volume=83 |issue=Suppl. 1 |pages=93-103 |accessdate=2019-10-12}}</ref>* If the [[circumcised]] male feels incomplete, or due to the missing [[foreskin]] disadvantaged compared to [[intact]] males, an inferiority complex and [[depression ]] may occur. This can be accompanied by conscious recognition of his own incompleteness, or the deficiency may remain completely subconscious<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Rhinehart
|init=J
* Fear of doctors, clinics and also closed rooms.<ref name="Levy1945"/>
* Relapse into the state of bed-wetting, even if the child was already dry before.<ref name="Levy1945"/>
* [[Circumcised ]] males who become fathers frequently manifest [[adamant father syndrome]].
[[Intact America]] (2019) called circumcision an [[Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)| adverse childhood experience]],<ref name-"bollinger2019">{{REFdocument
== Complications ==
=== Pain Possible operative and postoperative complications ===In the past, advocates Circumcision is surgery. Surgical complications of circumcision claimed that a newborn child's nerve system was not yet fully developed, and that generally may be classified as a result[[Bleeding| hemorrhage]], the child felt no [[paininfection]] during , or surgical misadventure up to and including loss of the circumcision procedure. Anand & Hickey (1987) have shown that newborn children do in fact feel penis and [[paindeath]], and more acutely than adults.<ref name="ananddeacon2022" /><ref name="williams-hickey1987kapilla1993">{{REFjournal |last=AnandWilliams |firstinit=N
|author-link=
|last2=HickeyKapilla |first2init2=L
|author2-link=
|etal=no
|title=Pain and its effects in the human neonate and fetusComplications of circumcision
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=New Engl Brit J MedSurg
|location=
|date=19871993-11-1910 |volume=31780 |issue=2110 |pages=13211231-96 |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/paincomplications/anandwilliams-kapila/
|quote=
|pubmedID=33170378242285
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1002/bjs.1800801005 |accessdate=2019-11-0827}}</ref> This has led American health associations to recommend doctors take measures to reduce the pain of circumcision in infants.
|first=
|titlepublisher=American Academy of Pediatrics: Circumcision Policy Statement; Task Force on CircumcisionSpiegel Online |journalwebsite=Pediatrics |date=19992012-0308-12 |volumeaccessdate=103 |issue=3 |pages=6862019-93 |url=https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/103/3/686#sec10-911 |accessdateformat=2019-11-26 |notequote=Statement Reaffirmed Sept. 1, 2005}}</ref> The [[AAFP]] (2002) states quite simply in their [https://www.cirpIn unsedated and partially sedated infants increased secretion of the stress hormone cortisol could be observed for months after the operation.org/library/statements/aafp2002/| position paper]Overall, ''"Newborns experience their pain threshold was lower and the risk of chronic pain during circumcision"increased.''Regardless of these findings, infant circumcisions with insufficient or no anaesthetic are still common practice<ref>{{REFwebREFjournal |last=Garry |init=T |title=Circumcision: Position Paper on Neonatal Circumcision. Board Approved: August 2007 Reaffirmeda survey of fees and practices |journal=OBG Management |date=1994 |volume=October |issue= |websitepages=Official American Academy of Family Physicians Website34-6 |url=http://www.aafp.org/online/en/home/clinical/clinicalrecs/children/circumcision.html |accessdate=2011-05-02}}</ref> This is not a debatable fact, and yet, it is not widely accepted, even by some doctors. It might be hard for some doctors to accept, as they may have been taught that the infant does not feel [[pain]], and may have performed countless circumcisions with this idea. Usage of anesthesia for infant circumcision is still by no means the rule. Penile injections of anesthetic are now recommended by all of the major medical institutions. In their [http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/no-index/about-ama/13585.shtml Report 10 of the Council on Scientific Affairs], the AMA states ''"When the decision is made to proceed with circumcision, local anesthesia should be provided for the procedure. Ring block or dorsal penile blocks [injections] are most effective. [[EMLA]] cream has limited utility"''. Alarmingly, ''"Despite the clear evidence that newborn males generate brisk pain responses during circumcision, a recent survey of residency training programs found that 26% of programs that taught circumcision provided no instruction on the use of local anesthesia". The AMA reports that "Of physicians performing circumcision, 45% use anesthesia, 71% of pediatricians, 56% of family practitioners, and 25% of obstetricians"''.<ref>{{REFwebREFjournal |last=Howard |init=CR |last2=Howard |init2=FM |last3=Garfunkel |init3=LC |last4=de Blieck |init4=EA |last5=Weitzman |init5=M |title=Report 10 of the Council on Scientific Affairs (I-99)Neonatal circumcision and pain relief: Neonatal Circumcisioncurrent training practices |journal=Pediatrics |date=1998 |volume=101 |issue= |websitepages=American Medical Association Official Website423-8 |url=http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/no-index/about-ama/13585.shtml |accessdate=2011-05-04}}</ref> The AAP's [http://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/prenatal/decisions-to-make/pages/Where-We-Stand-Circumcision.aspx Heatlhy Children website] suggests ''"Your pediatrician (or your obstetrician) should discuss the forms of analgesia that are available"''.<ref>{{REFwebREFjournal |last=Stang |init=HJ |last2=Snellman |init2=LW |title=Where We Stand: Circumcisionpractice patterns in the United States |publisherjournal=[[AAP]]Pediatrics |date=2011-03-231998 |volume=101 |issue=e5 |pages= |url=http://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/prenatal/decisions-to-make/pages/Where-We-Stand-Circumcision.aspx |accessdate=2019-10-12 |note=Link to [[AAP]] website}}</ref> Be that as it may. During procedures which take several minutes, few forms of analgesia are recommended. There are basically two types of injections babies tend to choose from, and the website does not go fall into the difference between a 'dorsal nerve block' and a 'ring block' injection. Given what is known from aforementioned official documentsstate of stupor, which in the AAP website may be more informative and effective if it would say ''"Make sure your doctor knows of the ineffectiveness of anything short of local anesthesiapast was falsely interpreted as peaceful sleep, and make sure your baby is given an injection. This is your responsibility, because your doctor may or may not be up to date on nurturing the latest understandings of infant sensitivity to belief that babies felt no pain during circumcision."'' The AAP may be holding back, however, perhaps because this would upset the doctor/parent power relationship, and may cause too much questioning of doctors Measurements taken in general. One may not expect those cases revealed a typically 3- to find this kind of advice on such a website4-fold increase in cortisol levels, and yet, anything less than this is which equals a dangerously weak statement. To control state of severe [[painshock]], some physicians that circumcise use Tylenol, sugar,.<ref>{{REFwebREFjournal |quotelast=To calm the baby during the procedure, a sugar filled gauze pacifier soaked with sweet juice is used, and soothing music is played in the room.Gunnar |urlinit=http://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision-guide.htmlMR |titlelast2=Parents' Guide to CircumcisionFisch |lastinit2=RO |firstlast3=Korsvik |publisherinit3=S |datelast4=Donhowe |accessdateinit4=2011-04-08}}</ref><ref>{{REFwebJM |quotetitle=During the The effects of circumcision, your son will receive sugar pacifiers to suck on which reduce his pain perceptions.serum cortisol and behavior |urljournal=http://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision-before.htmlPsychoneuroendocrinology |titledate=Before the Circumcision1981 |lastvolume=6 |firstissue=3 |publisherpages=269-75 |dateurl=2011-04-08https://www.cirp.org/library/pain/gunnar/ |accessdate=20112019-0411-0826}}</ref> a topical cream* Postoperative wound pain,<ref>{{REFwebin the case of children's circumcisions conceivably worsened by the forceful breaking of the preputial adhesions. |quote=Then * Postoperative pain from the exposure of the sensitive glans penis to clothing. This pain will endure for several weeks or even longer in our office, he will have topical anesthetic applied to his penissome cases. |url=http://www* Postoperative [[bleeding]] of the wound.pollockclinicsThis can have severe consequences especially for very young infants, if they are not treated promptly.com/circumcision/circumcision-beforeTheir blood volume is only about 85 ml per kilogram of body weight, and even moderate blood loss can lead to hypovolaemia, hypovolaemic [[shock]] and even death.html |title=Before the Circumcision<ref>{{REFbook
|last=
|first=
|year=2000 |title=Paediatric Handbook |url= |work= |editors=Smart J, Nolan T. |edition=6 |volume= |chapter= |page=82 |location={{AUSC|VIC}}, Australia |publisher=Blackwell Science Asia |dateisbn= |quote=2011-04-08 |accessdate=2011-04-08 |note=}}</ref> and/or a local anaesthetic injection called a dorsal penile ring block.<ref>{{REFwebREFdocument |quotetitle=We use extensive pain control methods including Tylenol, a sugar solution (to reduce pain perceptions), a topical freezing cream, and a local anesthetic injection.Autopsy of Demetrius Manker |url=http://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision-guide.html |titlecontribution=Parents' Guide to CircumcisionCase 93-1711 |last=Wetli |first=CV |publisher=Miami: Dade County Medical Examiner Department |format= |date=1993-06-23 |accessdate=2011-04-08}}</ref> Topical anaesthetic only serves to numb the area to lessen the pain of the injection, but studies have shown that a dorsal penile ring block is not always effective in stopping the pain of circumcision.<ref name="Journal of Perinatology April/May 2002">{{REFjournal |last=TaeuschHiss |firstinit=H. WilliamJ |initlast2=HWHorowitz |last2init2=MartinezA |first2last3=Alma M.Kahana |init2init3=AMT |last3title=PartridgeFatal haemorrhage following male ritual circumcision |first3journal=J. ColinClin Forensic Med |init3date=JC2000 |last4volume=Sniderman7 |first4issue=Susan |init4pages=S32-4 |last5url=Armstrong-Wellshttps://www.cirp.org/library/death/hiss1/ |first5accessdate=Jennifer2019-11-06}}</ref><ref>{{REFdocument |init5title=JJudgement of inquiry into the death of McWillis, Ryleigh Roman Bryan |last6url=Fuenteshttp://www.circumstitions.com/death-Afflickexsang.html |first6contribution=Elena |init6last=ENewell |titlefirst=Pain During Mogen or Plastibell CircumcisionTEC |journalpublisher=Journal of PerinatologyBurnaby, B.C.: B.C. Coroner's Service |volumeformat=22 |issuedate=32004-01-19 |pagesaccessdate=2142019-11-826 |url=http:}}<//wwwref>* Post operative [[lymphoedema]].nature* Postoperative [[Infection| infections]].com/jp/journal/v22/n3/full/7210653aThis includes both local infections, which can be treated with local therapy, and systemic infections, requiring systemic antibiotic treatment.html<ref>{{REFconference |quotelast=Dr.med..more than half of the study group had what we considered excessive pain/discomfort over the course of the entire procedure.Hartmann |pubmedIDfirst=Wolfgang |pubmedCIDurl= |DOIplace=Rechtsausschuss des Bundestages [Legal Committee of the Bundestag] (German) |notetitle=April/May 2002Stellungnahme zur Anhörung am 26. November 2012 [Opinion on the hearing on 26 November 2012] (German) |date=20022012-11-0426 |accessdate=2011-04-08}}</ref>* [[Wound dehiscence]], meaning the separation of the edges of the wound or the tissue after suturing.* Adhesion between the surface or rim of the [[Glans penis|glans]] with the neighbouring [[penile skin]], causing [[skin]] pockets and bridges, as well as visually unpleasant results like uneven scars, which make a re-circumcision necessary.* Postoperative [[phimosis]]: a phimotic ring can develop during scarring, which makes a re-circumcision necessary. According to a study by Blalock et al.<ref name="Clinical Pediatrics August 1986">{{REFjournal |last=WilliamsonBlalock |firstinit=HJ |last2=Vemulakonda |init2=Paul S.V |initlast3=PSRitchey |last2init3=EvansML |first2last4=Nolan DonovanRibbeck |init2init4=NDM |title=Neonatal Cortisol Response to Circumcision with AnesthesiaOutpatient management of [[phimosis]] Following newborn circumcision |journal=Clinical PediatricsJ Urol |date=2003 |volume=25169 |issue=86 |pages=4122332-64 |url=httphttps://cpjwww.sagepubcirp.comorg/contentlibrary/25complications/8blalock1/412.abstract |quoteaccessdate=The adrenal cortisol response to surgery was not significantly reduced by 2019-11-26}}</ref>, the administration of lidocaineprevalence is 2.9%, according to Leitch<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Leitch |pubmedIDinit=IOW |pubmedCIDtitle=Circumcision - a continuing enigma |DOIjournal=Aust Paediatr J |date=19861970 |volume=6 |issue= |pages=59-0865 |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/general/leitch1/ |accessdate=20112019-0412-0815}}</ref> During 5.5%.* [[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome]] (SIDS).* Knot formation of the veins. If the dorsal vein, which originates in the tip of the [[foreskin]], is cut during circumcisionwithout being clamped and sutured at its origin separately, somp physicians give children sugar pacifiers it starts to "reduce develop new branches over time, which can lead to the development of knots.* Possible deformities due to circumcision include hypoplasia of the [[penis]] (micro-penis) and induratio [[penis]] plastica (skewed penis).* Medical malpractice can also not be ruled out. Injuries, partly or entirely severing the [[Glans penis|glans]] or the [[penis]] can occur.* In rare cases, [[necrosis]], gangrene, ischaemia, keloid formation, and circulatory problems may also occur.* When the circumcision is followed by the perception ultra-orthodox Jewish ritual of pain"Metzitzah B'Peh (which consists of sucking blood from the wound with the mouth), there is a risk of infection with [[herpes]] simplex type 1,which can lead to brain damage or [[death]].<ref>{{REFweb |quote=During the circumcision, your son will receive sugar pacifiers to suck on which reduce his pain perceptions. |url=http://www.pollockclinicsnytimes.com/circumcision2012/03/08/nyregion/infants-death-renews-debate-over-a-circumcision-beforeritual.html?_r=0 |title=Before the Baby’s Death Renews Debate Over a CircumcisionRitual |last=Robbins |first= |publisher=Liz |date=20112012-0403-0807 |accessdate=20112019-0410-0811}}</ref> but === Death ===A study in 2010 estimated approximately 117 neonatal circumcision-related [[Death| deaths]] occur annually in at least the [[United States]], about one studyout of every 77 male neonatal deaths, more than suffocation, auto accidents, data shows that giving sugar to a child doesn't help to reduce the perception of pain in the childor even [[SIDS]].<ref name="Lancet, The Bollinger 2010-10-09">{{REFjournal |last=SlaterBollinger |first=RebeccahDan |init=RD |first2author-link=Laura |init2=LDan Bollinger |last2=CornelissenBoy's Health Advisory |first3=Lorenzo |init3=L |last3=Fabrizi |first4=Debbie |init4=D |last4=Patten |first5=Jan |init5=J |last5=Yoxen |first6=Alan |init6=A |last6=Worley |first7=Stewart |init7title=Lost Boys: An Estimate of U.S |last7=Boyd |first8=Judith |init8=J |last8=Meek |first9=Maria |init9=M |last9=Prof. FitzgeraldCircumcision-Related Infant Deaths |titlejournal=Oral sucrose as an analgesic drug for procedural pain in newborn infantsThymos: a randomised controlled trial |journal=The LancetJournal of Boyhood Studies |volume=3764 |issue=97481 |pages=122578-3290 |url=http://www.thelancetmensstudies.com/journalscontent/lancetb64n267w47m333x0/article/PIIS0140-6736%2810%2961303-7/fulltext?p=7ebbd6b446d940cbbd4274c095754b12π=5 |quote=Our data suggest that oral sucrose does not significantly affect activity in neonatal brain or spinal cord nociceptive circuits, and therefore might not be an effective analgesic drug. The ability of sucrose to reduce clinical observational scores after noxious events in newborn infants should not be interpreted as pain relief.
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.3149/thy.0401.78 |date=2010-04-26 |accessdate=2019-10-0912}}</ref><ref>{{REFweb |accessdateurl=http://www.icgi.org/2010/04/infant-circumcision-causes-100-deaths-each-year-in-us |title=Infant circumcision causes 100 deaths each year in US |last= |first= |publisher=ICGI |website=[[International Coalition for Genital Integrity]] |date=20112010-04-0826 |accessdate=}}</ref> Post-operative pain and the pain See also the child must endure during recovery is hardly, if ever, addressed by professionalslist of [[fatalities]].
|quote=
|pubmedIDaccessdate=355013942019-10-12 |pubmedCID= |DOInote=ID 10.10381007/s41443978-0220-00561585-9 |accessdate=202339937-11-219_19}}</ref> Boyle et alParental consent is required.<ref>See, e.g. (2002) wrote, Shephard and Shephard, ''The Complete Guide'', p. 125.</ref> A statement published by the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] in 1999 claimed that "parents should determine what is in the genitally intact male has thousands best interest of fine touch receptors the child... It is legitimate for parents to take into account cultural, religious, and other highly erogenous nerve endings—many of which are lost ethnic traditions, in additions to circumcisionthe medical factors, when making a decision."<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Boyle |first=Gregory J. |init=GJ |author-link=Gregory Boyle |first2=Gillian A. |init2=GA |last2=Bensley |title=Adverse Sexual Lannon and Psychological Effects of Male Infant Bailey, "Circumcision |journal=Psychological reports |volume=88 |issue=3Policy Statement, Part 2 |pages=1105–6 |url=https://www" p.cirp691.org/library/psych/boyle5/ |quote= |pubmedID=11597060 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1085.x |date=July 2001 |accessdate=}}</ref> They concluded, "Evidence has also started to accumulate that male however surrogate consent for non-therapeutic circumcision may result in lifelong physical, sexual, and sometimes psychological harm is now viewed as wellunethical."
* [https://www.reddit.com/r/Intactivism/comments/qbpzqr/trained_medical_professionals_restrain_infant_to/ Circumcision video] === Death =Recommendations of medical authorities==A study in 2010 estimated approximately 117 neonatal * [[George Hill| Hill]] (2007) said:<blockquote>Male circumcision is harmful because it excises healthy tissue and permanently impairs beneficial physiological functions. Male circumcision also causes psychological problems that tend to perpetuate the cycle of abuse. Male circumcision-related deaths occur annually in is a costly diversion of medical resources away from beneficial services. Male circumcision violates legal rights, [[human rights]], and ethical standards. Finally, we must remember that males are the more vulnerable and sensitive of the United Statestwo genders and, about one out therefore, deserve the greater degree of every 77 male neonatal deathsprotection from traumatic, more than suffocationinvasive, auto accidentsinjurious, or even and unnecessary surgery. For all of these reasons the non-therapeutic circumcision of boys should not be performed and the [[SIDSgenital integrity]]of all children should be respected and protected.<ref name="Bollinger 2010hill2007">{{REFjournal |last=BollingerHill |first=DanGeorge |init=DG |author-link=Dan BollingerGeorge Hill |last2title=Boy's Health AdvisoryThe case against circumcision |titlejournal=Lost Boys: An Estimate Journal of U.S. Circumcision-Related Infant DeathsMen's Health and Gender |journaldate=Thymos: Journal of Boyhood Studies2007 |volume=4 |issue=13 |pages=78318-9023 |url=httphttps://www.mensstudiesacademia.comedu/content8367383/b64n267w47m333x0/?p=7ebbd6b446d940cbbd4274c095754b12π=5The_Case_Against_Circumcision
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10 |accessdate=2021-05-30}}</ref></blockquote>* Andrew E. MacNeiiy, Head, Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Urological Sciences, {{UNI|University of British Columbia|UBC}}, Vancouver, BC, (2008) said:<blockquote>Newborn circumcision remains an area of controversy. Social, cultural, aesthetic and religious pressures form the most common reasons for non-therapeutic circumcision. Although penile cancer and UTIs are reduced compared with uncircumcised males, the incidence of such illness is so low that circumcision cannot be justified as prophylaxis. The role of the foreskin in [[HIV]] transmission in developed countries is unclear, and safe sexual practice remains the cornerstone of prevention. There remains a lack of knowledge regarding what constitutes the normal foreskin both among parents and among primary care providers.3149/thyThis lack of knowledge results in a burden of costs to our health care system in the form of unnecessary urological referrals, expansion of wait times and circumcisions.0401Routine circumcision of all infants is not justified from a health or cost-benefit perspective.78<ref>{{REFjournal |last=MacNeily |first=Andrew |init= |author-link= |etal=no |title=Routine circumcision: the opposing view |trans-title= |language= |journal=Can Urol Assoc J |location= |date=20102007-0411 |volume=1 |issue=4 |article= |page= |pages=395-267 |url=http://europepmc.org/article/PMC/2422979 |pubmedID=18542825 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.5489/cuaj.455 |accessdate=20192021-1011-1208}}</ref></blockquote> * The [[Royal Dutch Medical Association]] (KNMG) (2010) said: <blockquote>The official viewpoint of KNMG and other related medical/scientific organisations is that non-therapeutic circumcision of male minors is a violation of children’s rights to autonomy and physical integrity. Contrary to popular belief, circumcision can cause complications – [[bleeding]], infection, [[urethra]]l stricture and panic attacks are particularly common. KNMG is therefore urging a strong policy of deterrence. KNMG is calling upon doctors to actively and insistently inform parents who are considering the procedure of the absence of medical benefits and the danger of complications.<ref>{{REFwebREFdocument |title=Non-therapeutic circumcision of male minors |url=httphttps://www.icgidoctorsopposingcircumcision.org/2010wp-content/uploads/2016/0409/infantknmg-non-therapeutic-circumcision-causesof-100male-deathsminors-each27-year05-in-us2010.pdf |titlecontribution=Infant circumcision causes 100 deaths each year in US
|last=
|first=
|publisher=ICGIRoyal Dutch Medical Association |websiteformat=[[International Coalition for Genital Integrity]]PDF |date=2010-04-26 |accessdate=2021-11-08}}</ref> See also the list of [[fatalities]].</blockquote>
<!blockquote>Ethical and [[human rights]] concerns have been raised regarding elective infant male circumcision because it is recognised that the foreskin has a functional role, the operation is non--=== United States military ===therapeutic and the infant is unable to consent.
|first=
|init=R |author-link=Robert Darby |etal=no |title=Re J (child's religious upbringing and To avoid circumcision complications, avoid circumcision) |trans-title= |language= |journal=Family Court ReportsCan Urol Assoc J |location= |date=20002014-08-14 |volume=18 |issue=7-8 |article= |page=231 |pages=307-14 |url=https://wwwcuaj.cirpca/index.orgphp/journal/libraryarticle/legalview/Re_J1709/1823 |archived= |quote= |pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.5489/2000cuaj.html1709 |accessdate=20192022-1012-1216}}</ref> </blockquote>* The [[Canadian Paediatric Society]] (The National Health Service does not provide non-therapeutic circumcision.CPS) (2015)said:
<blockquote>In recent yearsmost jurisdictions, legal writers in several English-speaking countries have been questioning the practice of acceding authority is limited only to interventions deemed to parental wishesbe medically necessary.<ref>See, e.g., [[Margaret A. Somerville|Somerville]], "Therapeutic and Non-Therapeutic Medical Procedures"; Poulter, ''English Criminal Law''; [[Abbie Chessler|Chessler]]In cases in which medical necessity is not established or a proposed treatment is based on personal preference, "Justifying interventions should be deferred until the Unjustifiable"; Smith, "Male Circumcision."</ref> For example, critics have pointed out that, in the [[United States]], more than 1.3% of male neonatal deaths are attributable individual concerned is able to the complications of non-therapeutic circumcision surgerymake their own choices.<ref name="Bollinger 2010CPS2015"/>{{REFjournal |last=Sorokin |first=S. Todd |init=ST |author-link=Video |last2=Finlay |first2=JC |author2-link= |last3=Jeffries |first3=Is AL |author3-link= |etal=yes |title=Newborn male circumcision healthy? |journal=Paediatr Child Health |location= |date=2015-08 |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=311-20The video ''Is Circumcision Healthy'' is recommended for parental viewing |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4578472/ |quote= |pubmedID=26435672<br><br> |pubmedCID=4578472 |DOI=10.1093/pch/20.6.311 |accessdate=2019-10-27}}<youtube/ref>D_3LQjZgdbQ</youtubeblockquote>
<blockquote>"Given the socioeconomic, educational status, and health demographics of our population, universal neonatal circumcision cannot be justified based on the current evidence available.<ref name="cua2018">{{REFjournal |last=Dave |first=Sumit |init=S |author-link= |etal=yes |title=Canadian Urological Association guideline on the care of the normal foreskin and neonatal circumcision in Canadian infants (abridged version) |journal=Can Urol Assoc J |location= |date=2018-02 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=18-28 |url=https://cuaj.ca/index.php/journal/article/view/5034/3470 |quote= |pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI= |accessdate=2021-11-09}}</ref></blockquote>==British family court opinion==Plastibel The issue of non-therapeutic circumcisionof male children came before the court in the case of ''[[Re B and G (children) (No 2) EWFC 3]] (2015)'' . In that case, Judge Sir James Munby ruled that circumcision of male children caused ''significant harm''. ==Rights and ethics ==
|quote=
|pubmedID=7478854
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=20212023-05-3021}}</ref></blockquote>* Andrew E. MacNeiiy, Head, Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Urological Sciences, {{UNI|University of British Columbia|UBC}}, Vancouver, BC, (2008) said: <blockquote>Newborn circumcision remains an area of controversy. Social, cultural, aesthetic and religious pressures form the most common reasons for non-therapeutic circumcision. Although penile cancer and UTIs are reduced compared with uncircumcised males, the incidence of such illness is so low that circumcision cannot be justified as prophylaxis. The role of the foreskin in [[HIV]] transmission in developed countries is unclear, and safe sexual practice remains the cornerstone of prevention. There remains a lack of knowledge regarding what constitutes the normal foreskin both among parents and among primary care providers. This lack of knowledge results in a burden of costs to our health care system in the form of unnecessary urological referrals, expansion of wait times and circumcisions. Routine circumcision of all infants is not justified from a health or cost-benefit perspective.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=MacNeily |first=Andrew |init= |author-link=Committee on Bioethics
|etal=no
|title=Routine circumcision: the opposing viewInformed Consent in Decision-Making in Pediatric Practice
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=Can Urol Assoc JPediatrics
|location=
|date=20072016-1108 |volume=1138 |issue=42
|article=
|page=e20161485 |pages=395-7 |url=httphttps://europepmcwatermark.silverchair.orgcom/article/PMC/2422979peds_20161485.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAApwwggKYBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggKJMIIChQIBADCCAn4GCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQM8zYHFd0Ylu9Annq_AgEQgIICT24ikc839aJMYOiypqC2G9f7_yKGAGkAekzzbCtck5TElALWVCGNoVSOaA6rDA_dOkQ_LyJnxYlZ88J9-uk15tvlIBbE82_aNyYfq5e9xmEfqD2vh374q3Naz57dxZaUbgxUkKX4PqsiLmYHLvVrr7bQK2MZuuUOKiQU8JZy7lLjkp-PjJO1U9cyIplTAgs_EdvgK8MWWoIsj-X-ZUDImAG63-rlj_qLsy5dYwytmxfCuVa47RdZseLSr2_bdDpwKAKGhq_Ly9rlHZeW_f7fYktVfF_sFTgcJziAlvEQmdyWIw0qf-hlO31Qb3sH6kDdcvHAbm7llY5xa34XLYIt8QR0YFIimgDGFliN4-ce2vjvvrwS85WeeNFhpn-Ywn4Qjpy06hPuLDL-MtI2Z3BZbBsKq4dp8qGu1q9GlXaKw193riTFG9G5bF5GCKmxmt0nCQTthrb_CcK2UhKjZwPekC9zkIUHPZ9BXJt0SM03F_g-GgqbE0hTYKMqNdJ3sHDQu2luFrJ9JEiMzxtP28gJoYh20d2APA0xrRbXBYsFdAlr50gb1BSAbNJhTyx-Kh3geoSHsAYMjPaG7cIbh0jd42pWCUx30vjlAGK8zXTuf7-31oi81CLbHTAJLuzK3NT4Whi17jVq1SbXsIXlWpKc_d-HujCvlb74rkZQ6RG9wkxW7gAKaDqtKv5zTOTMBD9vLVxgp8lDmVA8PFB59Bqd6w-fi86tW132oWQM-mTfwdIBXFbUFXkeTUC5RYyqJQIXAEwLJSRm1RX-LRbKRzgaRQ |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=1854282527456510
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.54891542/cuajpeds.455 |accessdate=2021-11-08}}</ref></blockquote> * The [[Royal Dutch Medical Association]] (KNMG) (2010) said: <blockquote>The official viewpoint of KNMG and other related medical/scientific organisations is that non-therapeutic circumcision of male minors is a violation of children’s rights to autonomy and physical integrity. Contrary to popular belief, circumcision can cause complications – [[bleeding]], infection, [[urethra]]l stricture and panic attacks are particularly common. KNMG is therefore urging a strong policy of deterrence. KNMG is calling upon doctors to actively and insistently inform parents who are considering the procedure of the absence of medical benefits and the danger of complications.<ref>{{REFdocument |title=Non-therapeutic circumcision of male minors |url=https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/knmg-non-therapeutic-circumcision-of-male-minors-27-05-2010.pdf |contribution= |last= |first= |publisher=Royal Dutch Medical Association1485
|format=PDF
|accessdate=2023-05-21}}</ref> <ref>{{REFjournal |last=Committee on Bioethics ||etal=no |title=Informed Consent in Decision-Making in Pediatric Practice |trans-title= |language= |journal=Pediatrics |location= |date=20102016-08 |volume=138 |issue=2 |article= |page=e20161484 |pages= |url=https://watermark.silverchair.com/peds_20161484.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAApwwggKYBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggKJMIIChQIBADCCAn4GCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMYv3coRY-UCYMgTaqAgEQgIICT4di03qn2Hbho3i8Li_78lod0lNMunch25nx1rKvaM_aeFerz5eN6_k8VVeNv-DLocZp28whQr1x4WYDVwSs4uF73vZpYZYuDphYQkwxV1HHgMbZAbHBFuE8QyCHyDvSY-fhQcUl-JrYxa3TbhYgd4bKiU9zfIyXUsCnItroCc9iNrMicPg0v_A0AJJlhxioOlAU-im6OPI06OcCBj78yqkPO0J4nMTN1FLochsOyvZZdtFQQzLhrnM_Gey8K75lFYIBJHA7uzMmP2o5KZ-FTGUkEA_eSpEIpwv2WI4SbtrA8WYk3cQqXOmLIWjkSs9CTELD7CQP29xarr1ANrF_id4CiCX7zIomC2Ciz9lHBEgz8EH2i9Woke_YuZeLax52_6JpdhH1qdMQyF1bByjP8mU98V5_B4BPPiBpKt4pVA_UgtaABRHL8oPv6SwOUQZ2Bc-0_E2tod0VIF1FJBwZRZJm2ZkJPgBSKUo8VBe5Pz_6Vpt2DqLzwqVUYscPsIJMvxl09mMtvJrsBa8yVoTRWj4Rd0OBTMV7zhZskDnYYyrAZ6sHMk0MzvbHilPNbNgU5o7mXmcbFGDgGgWbqrIdT6sVSSfPJm4TnR0HSWbc_EnHhhyye7tVlFGjAsR0R46_DSwEMz8M5DkSln8xfKtX_so9rjCvYeq45wqn09g8DqtV-WHEA9PIrcw5kTcz5I0JkNuW4-vKVU1Xz9XHiYi4Zqbq0vx9NWLdNSYHQSOGMZ1MCAxT152evQdipQB5wokR8Q4rICoJYII5bsmRMYd7JQ |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=27456514 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1542/peds.2016-1484 |format=PDF |accessdate=20212023-1105-0821
}}</ref>
|quote=
|pubmedID=32068898
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.54891111/cuajbioe.1709 12714 |accessdate=20222023-1205-1618}}</ref> == Tipping point ==[[Intact America]] (2024) argues that public opinion regarding non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] of children is approaching or at a "tipping point" at which [[intact]] genitals would be preferred over the [[circumcised]] variety.<ref>{{REFweb |url=https://intactamerica.org/public-opinion-on-circumcision/ |title=Public Opinion on Circumcision: Can Intactivists Hit A Tipping Point? |last=Anonymous |first= |init= |publisher=Intact America |date=2024-03-23 |accessdate=2024-04-09
}}</ref>
* The [[Canadian Urological Association]] (CUA) considered the matter of {{REFweb |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/garcia/ |title=What exactly is circumcision and issued a statement in February 2018. The CUA concluded:what is it not? |last=Garcia |first=Francisco<blockquote>"Given the socioeconomic, educational status, and health demographics of our population, universal neonatal circumcision cannot be justified based on the current evidence available.<ref name |date=1995-12-11 |accessdate="cua2018">2020-09-08}}* {{REFjournal |last=DaveFleiss |first=SumitPaul |init=SP |author-link= |etal=yesPaul M. Fleiss |title=Canadian Urological Association guideline on the care of the normal The foreskin and neonatal circumcision in Canadian infants (abridged version)is necessary |journal=Can Urol Assoc J |location=Mothering |date=20181997-0201 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=1836-2845 |url=httpshttp://cuajwww.canoharmm.org/indexmothering.phphtm |accessdate=2020-06-29}}*{{REFweb |url=https:/journal/article15square.org.uk/viewlosses-from-circumcision/5034/3470 |quotetitle=Losses from Circumcision |last=Ball |pubmedIDfirst=Peter |pubmedCIDpublisher=15 Square |DOIdate=2003-08-09 |accessdate=20212023-1102-0923}}<* {{REFweb |url=http://members.tranquility.net/ref><~rwinkel/blockquote>MGM/primer.html |title==British family court opinion==The issue of non-therapeutic circumcision of male children came before the court Male Circumcision in the case of ''[[Re B and G (children) (No 2) EWFC 3]] (2015)'' . In that case, Judge Sir James Munby ruled that circumcision of male children caused ''significant harm''. USA: A Human Rights Primer |last=Winkel |first= Rights and ethics =Rich |author-link=Rich Winkel The [[Rights situation on circumcision |rights situation]] is discussed in a separate article.date=2005-05-12 [[Image:Intact vs circumcised.JPG |thumbnail|right|300px| The intact and circumcised human penis, side by side.]]accessdate=2021-01-27 The term "circumcision" without a gender qualifier refers specifically to male circumcision. It means "to cut around," and it refers to the [[excision]] of the [[foreskin]] from the penis. The term is inaccurate and a euphemism because the operation actually cuts off or [[amputation| amputates]] the [[foreskin]], which in adults comprises about fifteen square inches of highly functional erogenous tissue. }}
|etal=no
|title= Informed consent, parental permission, Libertarianism and assent in pediatric practicecircumcision
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=PediatricsInt J Health Poiicy Manag
|location=
|date=19952014-05-26 |volume=953 |issue=2
|article=
|page=
|pages=31433-1740 |url=https://www.cirpacademia.edu/7587653/Libertarianism_and_Circumcision?email_work_card=view-paper |pubmedID=24987720 |pubmedCID=4075101 |DOI=10.15171/ijhpm.2014.51 |accessdate=}} * {{REFweb |url=https://intaction.org/librarywhat-is-circumcision/ethics |title=What is circumcision? |last=Simone |first=Judy |author-link= |publisher=Intaction |website=https:/AAP/intaction.org/ |date=2020-07-26 |accessdate=2020-10-04 |archivedformat=
|quote=
}}* {{REFjournal |pubmedIDlast=7478854Deacon |pubmedCIDfirst= |DOIinit=M |accessdateauthor-link= |last2=Muir |first2=2023-05-21}}</ref> <ref>{{REFjournal |init2=G |lastauthor2-link=Committee on Bioethics
|etal=no
|title=Informed Consent in DecisionWhat is the medical evidence on non-Making in Pediatric Practice therapeutic child circumcision?
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=PediatricsInt J Impot Res
|location=
|date=20162022-01-08 |volume=138 |issue=2
|article=
|page=e20161485
|pages=
|url=https://watermarkwww.silverchairnature.com/peds_20161485.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAApwwggKYBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggKJMIIChQIBADCCAn4GCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQM8zYHFd0Ylu9Annq_AgEQgIICT24ikc839aJMYOiypqC2G9f7_yKGAGkAekzzbCtck5TElALWVCGNoVSOaA6rDA_dOkQ_LyJnxYlZ88J9-uk15tvlIBbE82_aNyYfq5e9xmEfqD2vh374q3Naz57dxZaUbgxUkKX4PqsiLmYHLvVrr7bQK2MZuuUOKiQU8JZy7lLjkp-PjJO1U9cyIplTAgs_EdvgK8MWWoIsj-X-ZUDImAG63-rlj_qLsy5dYwytmxfCuVa47RdZseLSr2_bdDpwKAKGhq_Ly9rlHZeW_f7fYktVfF_sFTgcJziAlvEQmdyWIw0qf-hlO31Qb3sH6kDdcvHAbm7llY5xa34XLYIt8QR0YFIimgDGFliN4-ce2vjvvrwS85WeeNFhpn-Ywn4Qjpy06hPuLDL-MtI2Z3BZbBsKq4dp8qGu1q9GlXaKw193riTFG9G5bF5GCKmxmt0nCQTthrb_CcK2UhKjZwPekC9zkIUHPZ9BXJt0SM03F_g-GgqbE0hTYKMqNdJ3sHDQu2luFrJ9JEiMzxtP28gJoYh20d2APA0xrRbXBYsFdAlr50gb1BSAbNJhTyx-Kh3geoSHsAYMjPaG7cIbh0jd42pWCUx30vjlAGK8zXTuf7-31oi81CLbHTAJLuzK3NT4Whi17jVq1SbXsIXlWpKc_d-HujCvlb74rkZQ6RG9wkxW7gAKaDqtKv5zTOTMBD9vLVxgp8lDmVA8PFB59Bqd6warticles/s41443-fi86tW132oWQM021-mTfwdIBXFbUFXkeTUC5RYyqJQIXAEwLJSRm1RX00502-LRbKRzgaRQy
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=2745651034997197
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.15421038/peds.2016s41443-021-00502-1485 |format=PDFy |accessdate=2023-0504-2130}}</ref> <ref>* {{REFjournal |last=Committee on Bioethics ||etal=no |title=Informed Consent in Decision-Making in Pediatric Practice |trans-title= |language= |journal=Pediatrics |location= |date=2016-08 |volume=138 |issue=2 |article= |page=e20161484 |pages=REFweb |url=https://watermarkintactamerica.silverchair.comorg/peds_20161484.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAApwwggKYBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggKJMIIChQIBADCCAn4GCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMYv3coRYpros-UCYMgTaqAgEQgIICT4di03qn2Hbho3i8Li_78lod0lNMunch25nx1rKvaM_aeFerz5eN6_k8VVeNvand-DLocZp28whQr1x4WYDVwSs4uF73vZpYZYuDphYQkwxV1HHgMbZAbHBFuE8QyCHyDvSYcons-fhQcUlof-JrYxa3TbhYgd4bKiU9zfIyXUsCnItroCc9iNrMicPg0v_A0AJJlhxioOlAU-im6OPI06OcCBj78yqkPO0J4nMTN1FLochsOyvZZdtFQQzLhrnM_Gey8K75lFYIBJHA7uzMmP2o5KZ-FTGUkEA_eSpEIpwv2WI4SbtrA8WYk3cQqXOmLIWjkSs9CTELD7CQP29xarr1ANrF_id4CiCX7zIomC2Ciz9lHBEgz8EH2i9Woke_YuZeLax52_6JpdhH1qdMQyF1bByjP8mU98V5_B4BPPiBpKt4pVA_UgtaABRHL8oPv6SwOUQZ2Bc-0_E2tod0VIF1FJBwZRZJm2ZkJPgBSKUo8VBe5Pz_6Vpt2DqLzwqVUYscPsIJMvxl09mMtvJrsBa8yVoTRWj4Rd0OBTMV7zhZskDnYYyrAZ6sHMk0MzvbHilPNbNgU5o7mXmcbFGDgGgWbqrIdT6sVSSfPJm4TnR0HSWbc_EnHhhyye7tVlFGjAsR0R46_DSwEMz8M5DkSln8xfKtX_so9rjCvYeq45wqn09g8DqtV-WHEA9PIrcw5kTcz5I0JkNuW4-vKVU1Xz9XHiYi4Zqbq0vx9NWLdNSYHQSOGMZ1MCAxT152evQdipQB5wokR8Q4rICoJYII5bsmRMYd7JQ |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=27456514 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1542circumcision/peds.2016-1484 |formattitle=PDF |accessdate=2023-05-21}}</ref> Two ethicists, Myers & Earp (2020), have conducted a detailed review Pros and analysis Cons of the claimed medical benefits of ''non-therapeutic'' [[circumcision]]. They have determined than the alleged benefits are not material, so they do not support granting of consent by a surrogate. In other words, ''Non-therapeutic'' circumcision is not truly healthcare. Moreover, they comment that even the most perfectly executed surgery produces [[trauma]] and harm Circumcision (Spoiler: You’ve Been Lied to the patient. Circumcision also produces tissue loss and loss of function, therefore, circumcision should be performed only after the individual reaches the age of consent. <u>Consent by a surrogate for a ''non-therapeutic'' circumcision of a minor child is an unethical practice.</u><ref name="myers2020">{{REFjournal) |last=MyersGarrett
|first=
|init=ACJ |author-linkpublisher=Intact America |last2date=Earp |first2= |init2=BD |author22023-11-link=Brian D. Earp10 |etalaccessdate=no |title=What is the best age to circumcise? A medical and ethical analysis |trans2024-title= |language= |journal=J Biosoc Sci |location= |date=202003-0922 |volume=34}} |issue=7 |pages=560-72* {{REFweb |url=https://onlinelibraryintactamerica.wiley.comorg/doigroups-who-pressure-you-to-circumcise/abs/10.1111/bioe.12714 |archivedtitle=The 4 Authority Figures and Groups Who Will Pressure You to Circumcise (and What You Can Do) |quotelast=Anonymous |pubmedIDfirst=32068898 |pubmedCIDinit= |DOIpublisher=10.1111/bioe.12714Intact America |accessdatedate=20232024-0501-1824}}</ref> {{SEEALSO}}* [[Adolescent and adult circumcision]]* [[Breastfeeding]]* [[Case Histories]]* [[Circumcision maps]]* [[Circumcision methods]]* [[Circumcision scar]]* [[Circumpendium]]* [[Circumstraint]]* [[Documented severe complications of circumcision]]* [[Ethics of non |accessdate=2024-01-therapeutic child circumcision]]* [[FGM]]* [[Human rights]]* [[Lymphoedema]]* [[MGM]]* [[Pain]]* [[Psychological issues of male circumcision]]* [[Rights situation on circumcision]]27* [[Risks and complications]]* [[Sexual effects of circumcision]]* [[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome]] (SIDS)* [[Trauma]]{{LINKS}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://www.cirpintactamerica.org/library/anatomy/garciakeeping-your-sons-penis-intact/ |title=What exactly is circumcision and what is it not?Keeping Your Son’s Penis Intact: A Guide for Parents |last=GarciaAnonymous |first=Francisco |date=1995-12-11 |accessdate=2020-09-08}}* {{REFjournal |last=Fleiss |first=Paul |init=P |author-link=Paul M. Fleiss |title=The foreskin is necessary |journalpublisher=MotheringIntact America |date=19972024-01 |volume= |issue= |pages=36-45 |url=http://www.noharmm.org/mothering.htm24 |accessdate=20202024-0601-29}}*{{REFweb |url=https://15square.org.uk/losses-from-circumcision/ |title=Losses from Circumcision |last=Ball |first=Peter |publisher=15 Square |date=2003-08-09 |accessdate=2023-02-23
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=httphttps://membersintactamerica.tranquility.netorg/~rwinkel/MGMtimeline-of-circumcision-suffering/primer.html |title=Male A Timeline of Circumcision in the USASuffering: A Human Rights Primer |last=Winkel |first=Rich |author-link=Rich Winkel |date=2005-05-12 |accessdate=2021-01-27}} * {{REFjournalDetailed Look |last=TestaAnonymous |first=Patrick |init= |author-link= |last2=Block |first2=Walter E. |init2= |author2-link= |etal=no |title=Libertarianism and circumcision |trans-title= |language= |journal=Int J Health Poiicy Manag |locationpublisher=Intact America |date=20142024-0502-2602 |volumeaccessdate=3 |issue= |article= |page= |pages=332024-40 |url=https://www.academia.edu/7587653/Libertarianism_and_Circumcision?email_work_card=view02-paper |pubmedID=24987720 |pubmedCID=4075101 |DOI=10.15171/ijhpm.2014.51 |accessdate=09
}}
{{REF}}
[[Category:Circumcision]]
[[Category:Male circumcision]]
[[Category:Parental information]]
[[Category:Penile surgery]]
[[Category:Medical term]]
[[Category:Male genital mutilation]]