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Circumcision was popularized in English-speaking nationns in the nineteeth century. The practice of non-therapeutic circumcision of boys now has greatly declined in [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[New Zealand]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. It has been gradually declining since 1985 in the [[United States]]. It has ''never'' been a popular practice in other western nations.
Circumcision is classified as a form of [[genital mutilation]].
== Historical background ==
===Judaism===
In [[Judaism]], the tradition of [[Brit Milah| circumcision]] goes back to the [[Abrahamic covenant]] in a passage in the Book of Genesis (17:10-14). It is was seen as a covenant between God and man, dating back to the patriarch Abraham. The validity of this passage is increasingly being questioned.
{{Citation
===Christianity===
Jesus was born into a Jewish family in [[Israel]], where [[Judaism]] was the prevailing religion, so He was [[circumcised]] on the eighth day.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+2%3A21&version=NASB
|title=Gospel of Luke
Many cultures perform circumcision as a rite of passage into manhood. This is common in the Middle East and amongst some indigenous African and Southeast Asian peoples.
The [[United States]] and [[Israel ]] are the only industrialized countries in the world to have a high incidence of non-therapeutic infant male circumcision. The vast majority of infant circumcisions performed in the United States are for non-religious, non-medical reasons. See [[History of circumcision]].
===Religious===
|accessdate=
}}</ref> did not find a significant difference in UTI rates between [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] boys with normal urinary tract anatomy.
* Other studies suggest that circumcision is more likely to raise than to lower the generally low risk of acquiring UTI: multiple studies from [[Israel ]] showed a strong correlation between ritual circumcision on the 8th day of life and postoperative UTI.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Menahem
|init=S
}}</ref> Be that as it may, few forms of analgesia are recommended. There are basically two types of injections to choose from, and the website does not go into the difference between a 'dorsal nerve block' and a 'ring block' injection.
Given what is known from aforementioned official documents, the AAP website may be more informative and effective if it would say ''"Make sure your doctor knows of the ineffectiveness of anything short of local anesthesia, and make sure your baby is given an injection. This is your responsibility, because your doctor may or may not be up to date on the latest understandings of infant sensitivity to [[pain ]] during circumcision."'' The AAP may be holding back, however, perhaps because this would upset the doctor/parent power relationship, and may cause too much questioning of doctors in general. One may not expect to find this kind of advice on such a website, and yet, anything less than this is a dangerously weak statement.
To control [[pain]], some physicians that circumcise use Tylenol, sugar,<ref>{{REFweb
=== Physical effects ===
* [[Bodily harm]]
* [[Circumcision scar]] is an invariable effect.
* An unavoidable effect of any circumcision is the permanent loss of sexual sensitivity. This is partly due to the removal of sensory tissue. The [[foreskin]] contains very many nerve endings and touch receptors, which account for the major part of male sexual sensation. If the [[foreskin]] is removed, they can no longer provide sexual stimulation. It is also partly due to the fact that the surface of the [[Glans penis|glans]] reacts to the missing protection from friction and drying out by developing a callus layer. This reduces the sensitivity of the remaining nerves in the [[Glans penis|glans]] gradually over the years. The study conducted by Sorrells et al.<ref>{{Sorrells etal 2007}}</ref> found a significant reduction of sensitivity to touch for [[circumcised]] compared to [[intact]] [[penis]]es in adult males. Other studies revealed that [[circumcised]] men use condoms significantly less often than [[intact]] men, since they further limit the sexual sensitivity (see above).
|accessdate=2019-10-12
}}</ref>
* If the [[circumcised]] male feels incomplete, or due to the missing [[foreskin]] disadvantaged compared to [[intact]] males, an inferiority complex and [[depression ]] may occur. This can be accompanied by conscious recognition of his own incompleteness, or the deficiency may remain completely subconscious<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Rhinehart
|init=J
* Fear of doctors, clinics and also closed rooms.<ref name="Levy1945"/>
* Relapse into the state of bed-wetting, even if the child was already dry before.<ref name="Levy1945"/>
* [[Circumcised ]] males who become fathers frequently manifest [[adamant father syndrome]].
[[Intact America]] (2019) called circumcision an [[Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)| adverse childhood experience]],<ref name-"bollinger2019">{{REFdocument
|accessdate=2021-11-02
}}</ref>
== Complications ==
=== Possible operative and postoperative complications ===
|accessdate=2023-05-18
}}</ref>
== Tipping point ==
[[Intact America]] (2024) argues that public opinion regarding non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] of children is approaching or at a "tipping point" at which [[intact]] genitals would be preferred over the [[circumcised]] variety.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/public-opinion-on-circumcision/
|title=Public Opinion on Circumcision: Can Intactivists Hit A Tipping Point?
|last=Anonymous
|first=
|init=
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-03-23
|accessdate=2024-04-09
}}</ref>
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Adolescent and adult circumcision]]
* [[Bodily harm]]
* [[Breastfeeding]]
* [[Case Histories]]
|DOI=10.1038/s41443-021-00502-y
|accessdate=2023-04-30
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/pros-and-cons-of-circumcision/
|title=Pros and Cons of Circumcision (Spoiler: You’ve Been Lied to)
|last=Garrett
|first=
|init=CJ
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2023-11-10
|accessdate=2024-03-22
}}
* {{REFweb
|accessdate=2024-01-27
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/keeping-your-sons-penis-intact/
|title=Keeping Your Son’s Penis Intact: A Guide for Parents
|last=Anonymous
|first=
|init=
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-01-24
|accessdate=2024-01-29
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/timeline-of-circumcision-suffering/
|title=A Timeline of Circumcision Suffering: A Detailed Look
|last=Anonymous
|first=
|init=
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-02-02
|accessdate=2024-02-09
}}
{{REF}}
[[Category:Circumcision]]