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→Problems with promoting circumcision as HIV prevention policy
|accessdate=2021-04-07
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===September 2021===
September 2021 saw the publication of two huge population studies on the relationship of circumcision and HIV infection.
Mayan et al. (2021) carried out a massive empirical study of the male population of the province of Ontario, Canada (569,950 males), of whom 203,588 (35.7%) were circumcised between 1991 and 2017. The study concluded that circumcision status is not related to risk of HIV infection.<ref name="mayan2021">{{REFjournal
|accessdate=2021-10-02
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[[Morten Frisch]] and Jacob Simonsen (2021) carried out a large scale empirical population study regarding the alleged value of male circumcision in preventing HIV and other sexually transmitted infection in men. They found that circumcised men have a higher rate of STI and HIV infection overall than intact men.<ref name="frisch2021">{{REFjournal
|last=Frisch
|first=Morten
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|author-link=Morten Frisch
|last2=Simonsen
|first2=Jacob
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|etal=no
|title=Non-therapeutic male circumcision in infancy or childhood and risk of human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted infections: national cohort study in Denmark
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|journal=Eur J Epidemiol
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|date=2021-09-26
|volume=Published online ahead of print
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|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10654-021-00809-6
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|pubmedID=34564796
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|DOI=10.1007/s10654-021-00809-6
|accessdate=2021-10-20
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There now is credible evidence that the massive, expensive African circumcision programs have ''not'' been effective in preventing HIV infection.
== Increased risk to women ==