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→Video presentation: Add link in SEEALSO section.
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== Books ==
=== 2022 ===
* {{REFbook
|last=Adler
|first=Peter
|init=
|author-link=Peter W. Adler
|year=2022
|title=[[Circumcision Is A Fraud: And The Coming Legal Reckoning]]
|url=
|scope=282
|location=
|publisher=[[KDP]]
|ISBN=979-884445927
|pages=
|accessdate=2024-02-11
}}
==Commentaries==
|last=Poulter
|first=Sebastian
|init=S
|year=1986
|title=English Criminal Law and Ethnic Minority Customs
}}
* David [[Davis Richards ]] (1996) argues that the best way [https://www.globalhealthrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/HC-1992-Marions-Case.pdf Marion's Case] applies to reduce the incidence of [[circumcision is to remove it from the medical benefits schedule]] in [[Australia]].
: {{REFjournal
|last=Richards
|first=David
|init=D
|author-link=David Davis Richards
|title=Male Circumcision: Medical or Ritual?
|journal=J Law Medicine
}}
* Christopher Price, M.A. {{MA}} (Oxon) , (1996) briefed the [https://www.lawcom.gov.uk/ Law Commission of England and Wales] on issues of male circumcision.
: {{REFdocument
|title=Male Circumcision: A Legal Affront
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/price-uklc/
|last=Price
|first=Christopher
|author-link=Christopher P Price
|date=1996-12
|accessdate=2020-05-08
=== 1997 ===
* Abbie J. Chessler (1997) provides a review of legal issues of male and female non-therapeutic circumcision.
: {{REFjournal |last=Chessler |first=Abbie |init=A |author-link= |title=Justifying the Unjustifable: Rite v. Wrong |journal= Buffalo L. Rev |date=ChesslerAJ 1997 |volume=45 |issue= |pages=555 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/chessler/ |accessdate=2020-05-10}}
=== 1998 ===
* Jacqueline Smith (1998), of the [https://www.uu.nl/en/research/netherlands-institute-of-human-rights-sim Netherlands Institute of Human Rights], has examined non-therapeutic circumcision of male children in the light of international [[human rights ]] law.
: {{REFbook
|last=Smith
|first=Jacqueline
|init=J
|author-link=Jacqueline Smith
|year=1998
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/smith/
|work=To Baehr in Our Minds: Essays in Human Rights from the Heart of the Netherlands
|editoreditors=Mielle Bulterman, Aart Hendriks and Jacqueline Smith (Eds.)
|edition=SIM-21
|volume=
}}
* [[Ross Povenmire | Povenmire]] (1998-9) discussed the lawfulness of consent for non-therapeutic circumcision of minor boys in the United States.
: {{REFjournal
|last=Povenmire
=== 1999 ===
* The late British solicitor [[Christopher P Price ]] (1999) elucidated the difference between therapeutic and non-therapeutic procedures and discussed the state of British law relating to non-therapeutic circumcision of male children._ : {{REFbook
|last=Price
|first=Christopher P. |init=CP
|author-link=Christopher P. Price
|year=1999
}}
* [[Robert S. Van Howe|Van Howe]], [[J. Steven Svoboda|Svoboda]], [[James G. Dwyer|Dywer]], & [[Christopher P. Price|Price ]] (1999), a medico-legal team discuss the legal issues of non-therapeutic circumcision of boys.
: {{REFjournal
|last=Van Howe
|DOI=10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1063.x
|accessdate=2020-05-08
}}
* Shea Lita Bond (1999) argues that circumcision violates the right to equal protection of the law.
: {{REFjournal
|last=Bond
|first=Shea Lita
|init=SL
|title=Female Circumcision Laws and the Equal Protection Clause
|volume=32
|journal=John Marshall Law Review
|issue=353
|date=1999-12
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/bond/05.html
}}
}}
* Dr. [[Arif Bhimji {]] (2000) argues that non-therapeutic circumcision of boys in Canada violates the rights protected by the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
: {{REFjournal
|last=Bhimji
}}
* [[J. Steven Svoboda|Svoboda]], [[Robert S. Van Howe|Van Howe ]] & [[James G. Dwyer|Dwyer ]] (2000) discuss legal issues inherent with consent for non-therapeutic circumcision of boys.
: {{REFjournal
|last=Svoboda
|last=Svoboda
|first=J. Steven
|init=JS
|author-link=J. Steven Svoboda
|year=2001
|accessdate=2020-08-09
|note=
}}
* {{REFjournal
|last=Davis
|first=
|init=DS
|author-link=Dena S. Davis
|etal=no
|title=Male and female genital alteration: A collision course with the law.
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=Health Matrix: Journal of Law-Medicine
|location=
|date=2001
|season=Summer
|volume=11
|issue=
|article=
|page=
|pages=487-570
|url=https://www.cirp.org/library/legal/davis1/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=11683048
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=2023-05-05
}}
=== 2005 ===
* [[Suzanne Bouclin ]] (2005) examined the legal status of non-therapeutic circumcision in Canada.
: {{REFjournal
|last=Bouclin
|first=Suzanne
|init=B
|author-link=Suzanne Bouclin
|title=An examination of legal and ethical issues surrounding male circumcision: the Canadian context
|DOI=10.1136/jme.2004.009340
|accessdate=2020-05-10
}}
* Fox & Thomson (2005) discuss circumcision law.
: {{REFjournal
|last=Fox
|init=M
|author-link=
|last2=Thomson
|init2=M
|author2-link=
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/UKlaw/fox-ijcr-2006/
|title=Short changed? The law and ethics of male circumcision.
|journal=International Journal of Children's Rights
|date=2005
|volume=13
|issue=
|pages=161-181
|accessdate=2021-06-11
}}
=== 2008 ===
* [[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]] included this commentary on the law of circumcision of boys in their June 2008 ''Genital Integrity Statement''. It has since been later amended by another party to include a reference to Adler (2013) that was not available at the time of writing.
: {{REFbook
|last=Hill
|first=George
|init=G |author-link=George Hill
|year=2008
|title=Ch. 10: American Law and the Circumcision of Children
|pages=
|location=Seattle
|publisher=[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision(D.O.C.)]]
|isbn=
|quote=
|date=2008
|accessdate=2020-05-08
}}
===2009===
* {{REFjournal
|last=Hafemeister
|init=TL
|author-link=
|last2=Gulbrandsen, Jr.
|init2=RM
|author2-link=
|url=https://scholarship.shu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1010&context=shlr
|title=The Fiduciary Obligation of Physicians to “Just Say No” if an “Informed” Patient Demands Services that Are Not Medically Indicated
|journal=Seton Hall Law Review
|date=2009-04-06
|volume=39
|issue=
|pages=335
|accessdate=2021-09-03
}}
=== 2013 ===
* Professor Peter W. Adler, J.D.{{JD}}, (2013) argues that non-therapeutic circumcision of boys is unlawful.
: {{REFjournal
|last=Adler
|pages=439-86
|url=https://scholarship.richmond.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1265&context=jolpi
|format=PDF
|accessdate=2020-05-08
}}
* {{REFjournal
|last=Geisheker
|init=JV
|author-link=
|url=https://www.newmalestudies.com/OJS/index.php/nms/article/view/60
|title=The Completely Unregulated Practice of Male Circumcision: Human Rights’ Abuse Enshrined in Law?
|journal=New Male Studies
|date=2013
|volume=2
|issue=1
|pages=18-45
|format=PDF
|accessdate=2023-09-01
}}
===2014===
* {{REFdocument
|title=The Cologne Judgment: a curiosity or the start sign for condemning circumcision of male children without their consent as a human rights violation?
|url=https://repository.gchumanrights.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11825/161/Bernaerts_2012%EF%80%A213.pdf
|contribution=
|last=Bernaerts
|first=Jonathan Alfons J
|publisher=European Commission
|format=PDF
|date=2014
|accessdate=2021-11-22
}}
=== 2016 ===
* Professor Paul McLaughlin (2016) discusses conflicts between non-therapeutic child circumcision practice and the international law of [[human rights]].
: {{REFjournal
|last=McLaughlin Jr
|url=https://commons.law.famu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=library-facpub
|accessdate=2020-05-13
}}
* [[J. Steven Svoboda|Svoboda]], [[Peter W. Adler|Adler]], and [[Robert S. Van Howe|Van Howe]] point out that physicians have a legal duty to protect children from unnecessary interventions. They suggest that under existing United States law and international [[human rights]] declarations as well, circumcision already violates boys´ absolute rights to equal protection, bodily integrity, autonomy, and freedom to choose their own religion.
: {{REFjournal
|last=Svoboda
|first=J. Steven
|init=JS
|author-link=J. Steven Svoboda
|last2=Adler
|first2=Peter W.
|init2=PW
|author2-link=Peter W. Adler
|last3=Van Howe
|first3=Robert S.
|init3=RS
|author3-link=Robert S. Van Howe
|title=Circumcision is Unethical and Unlawful
|journal=The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics
|url=https://commons.wikimannia.org/images/Tim_Hammond_-_Circ_Unethical_Unlawful_JLME_2016.pdf
|format=PDF
|volume=44
|pages=263-282
|DOI=10.1177/1073110516654120
|date=2016
|accessdate=2021-06-19
}}
}}
* [[Peter W. Adler|Adler]], [[Robert S. Van Howe|Van Howe]], Wisdom & Daase (2020) examined male non-therapeutic circumcision as fraud.
: {{REFjournal
|last=Adler
|url=https://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/6276?lang=en
|accessdate=2021-06-19
}}
=== 2024 ===
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/constitutional-case-against-circumcision/
|title=Foreskins and Forefathers: A Constitutional Case Against Circumcision
|last=Anonymous
|first=
|init=
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-01-24
|accessdate=2024-01-28
}}
==Briefs==
=== Boldt v. Boldt ===The two briefs indexed here were filed by [[Doctors Opposing Circumcision(D.O.C.)]] with the Oregon Supreme Court in the case of [[Boldt v. Boldt]], where they proved instrumental in changing the direction of that case. They have an excellent summary of American Constitutional law relevant to the non-therapeutic circumcision of male children.
* {{REFdocument
|last=Geisheker
|first=John V.
|author-link=John V. Geisheker |publisher=[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision(D.O.C.)]]
|format=PDF
|date=2007-04
|contribution=
|last=Geisheker
|first=JohnV. |author-link=John V. Geisheker |publisher=[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision(D.O.C.)]]
|format=PDF
|date=2007-07
|accessdate=2020-05-10
}}</ref> === Hironimus v. Nebus ===
* {{REFdocument
|title=Brief of Amici Curiae to the Florida Court of Appeal for the Fourth Circuit
|url=https://pool.intactiwiki.org/w/images/Hironimus_Amicus_Brief_DOC_ARC_IA.pdf
|contribution=
|last=
|first=
|publisher=
|date=
|format=PDF
|accessdate=2023-10-05
}}
==Video presentation==
=== London barrister [https://oldsquare.co.uk/people/james-chegwidden/ James Chegwidden] discusses the gradual progress of the English courts toward recognition of [[genital autonomy ]] for boys.===
* James Chegwidden. [https://www.genitalautonomy.org/category/videos/ Not drowning, paddling: the English Court’s slow row towards genital autonomy]. Fourteenth International Symposium. Keele, England, Wednesday, 14 September 2016.
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Australia]]* [[Human rights| International Human Rights Law]]
{{LINKS}}
* [https://www.arclaw.org/papers Published papers authored by Executive Director Steven Svoboda and other ARC associates]
[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]] also maintains a list of legal commentaries.
* {{REFweb
|first=Holm
|author-link=Holm Putzke
|website=holmputzke.de
|accessdate=2020-05-10
}}The [[Genital Autonomy Legal Defense and Education Fund]] has provided a page with resources for attorneys. * {{REFweb |url=https://www.galdef.org/resources-for-attorneys/ |title=Resources for Attorneys |last=Anonymous |first= |init= |publisher=GALDEF |formatdate=2023 |quoteaccessdate=2023-08-10
}}
{{ABBR}}
[[Category:Jurisprudence]]
[[Category:Legal commentscomment]]
[[Category:Australia]]
[[Category:Canada]]