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This article wants to offer a comprehensive overview of risks which can occur by undergoing a [[circumcision]]. This page is a landing page for those who want to find a quick overview about [[circumcision ]] risks. Chances are that information given here is shown in more detail in other IntactiWiki articles. Please bear in mind that infants are not born with a diseased [[penis]] that requires surgery. There are no medical indications for infant circumcision and few in later life. Infant circumcision is a medically-unnecssary, non-therapeutic amputation of functional tissue that does not treat or prevent disease. It has risks and complications but no upside benefit.
== General risks ==
* Reduction of the [[penis]]
* [[Keratinization]] of the [[glans]]
* Loss of [[Foreskin sensitivity| sensation]]
* [[Financial incentive| Loss of money for a medically not indicated surgery]]
* [[Foreskin restoration|Restoration of the foreskin]] not 100% possible and very time-consuming (adults)
* Risk of [[penile frostbite]]<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://pagesix.com/2023/01/05/prince-harry-reveals-whether-hes-circumcised-in-bombshell-spare-memoir/
|title=Prince Harry reveals whether he’s circumcised in bombshell ‘Spare’ memoir
|last=Gostin
|first=Nick
|date=2023-01-05
|accessdate=2023-01-26
}}</ref>
== Operative risks ==
* [[Death]]
* [[Amputation ]] of the [[penis]]* [[Amputation ]] of the [[glans]]
* [http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/wilson1/ Amputation of excess skin or denudation]
* [http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/bradley/ Burn of the penis after usage of electrocautery]
* [[Shock ]] or coma due to the extreme [[pain ]] (newborn circumcision)
* Because [[circumcision]] is type of surgery always, it also encompasses all the basic risks of surgery.
* Chlamydiaceae infections
* Chordee
* Deformation of the [[penis]]
* Early ablactation (weaning) (newborn circumcision)
* Epispadias
* Excessive [[foreskin ]] removed (leads to deformation)
* [Fistulas]
* Genital warts
* Meatal ulcer
* [http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/brennemann1/ Meatitis]
* [[Necrosis ]] of the penis
* Oedema of the glans
* [http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/blalock1/ Phimosis]
* [[Erection| Pain in erected state of the penis]]
* Risk of required re-surgery
* [http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/stinson/ Sexual dysfunction]
== Psychological risks ==
=== Immediate risks ===
* [[PTSD]] due to newborn [[trauma]]
* [http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/fitzgerald2/ Brain damage due to the extreme pain] (newborn circumcision without effective anesthesia)
* Loss of bonding and trust to parents
* 8 will suffer infection at the surgical site.
* 3 will develop post-operative [[phimosis]].
* 2 will have more serious complications (seizure, heart attack, stroke, loss of [[penis]], [[death]]).
* 1 will require additional immediate surgery and sutures to stop hemorrhage.
* 1 will develop fibrosis.
Out of 100 intact boys:<ref name="DrMomma2010"/>
* 2 will be treated with antibiotics for a [[UTI]] (fewer if the [[foreskin ]] is never forcibly retracted).* 1 will be told to get [[circumcised ]] later in life for one reason or another (fewer if the foreskin is never forcibly retracted).
== AAP confirms complications ==
The [[AAP]] offers a coding newsletter for those who encode medical diagnoses in ICD codes. They offer a "[https://publications.aap.org/codingnews/article-abstract/12/9/3/27080/Subspecialty-Corner-Coding-for-Complications-of?redirectedFrom=fulltext Subspecialty Corner: Coding for Complications of Neonatal Circumcision]"<ref>{{REFjournal
|url=https://coding.solutions.aap.org/article.aspx?articleid=2629478
|title=Subspecialty Corner: Coding for Complications of Neonatal Circumcision
== Complication rates ==
In fact, of course, not all possible [[complication]] rates have the same frequency and therefore not the same relevance. It is necessary to collect statistics on which complications are serious. Basically, however, it should be noted that circumcision without a [[medical indication ]] is the most unnecessary complication in itself, with a '''100% rate'''.
The German Academy of Children and Youth Medicine (DAKJ) (2012) conducted an internet survey of medical practices and determined a serious complication rate of '''approx. 6%''' based on the reported data.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://med.stanford.edu/newborns/professional-education/circumcision/complications.html
|title=Complications of Circumcision
|publisher={{UNI|Stanford University|SU}}
|accessdate=2020-02-20
}}
{{REF}}
[[Category:Parental information]]
[[Category:Circumcision risk]]
[[Category:Complication]]
[[de:Beschneidungsrisiken]]