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This article wants to offer a comprehensive overview of risks which can occur by undergoing a [[circumcision]]. This page is a landing page for those who want to find a quick overview about [[circumcision ]] risks. Chances are that information given here is shown in more detail in other IntactiWiki articles. Please bear in mind that infants are not born with a diseased [[penis]] that requires surgery. There are no medical indications for infant circumcision and few in later life. Infant circumcision is a medically-unnecssary, non-therapeutic amputation of functional tissue that does not treat or prevent disease. It has risks and complications but no upside benefit.
== General risks ==
* [[Financial incentive| Loss of money for a medically not indicated surgery]]
* [[Foreskin restoration|Restoration of the foreskin]] not 100% possible and very time-consuming (adults)
* Risk of [[penile frostbite]]<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://pagesix.com/2023/01/05/prince-harry-reveals-whether-hes-circumcised-in-bombshell-spare-memoir/
|title=Prince Harry reveals whether he’s circumcised in bombshell ‘Spare’ memoir
|last=Gostin
|first=Nick
|date=2023-01-05
|accessdate=2023-01-26
}}</ref>
== Operative risks ==
* Chlamydiaceae infections
* Chordee
* Deformation of the [[penis]]
* Early ablactation (weaning) (newborn circumcision)
* Epispadias
* Excessive [[foreskin ]] removed (leads to deformation)
* [Fistulas]
* Genital warts
* Oedema of the glans
* [http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/blalock1/ Phimosis]
* [[Erection| Pain in erected state of the penis]]
* Risk of required re-surgery
* [http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/stinson/ Sexual dysfunction]
== Psychological risks ==
=== Immediate risks ===
* [[PTSD]] due to newborn [[trauma]]
* [http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/fitzgerald2/ Brain damage due to the extreme pain] (newborn circumcision without effective anesthesia)
* Loss of bonding and trust to parents
* 8 will suffer infection at the surgical site.
* 3 will develop post-operative [[phimosis]].
* 2 will have more serious complications (seizure, heart attack, stroke, loss of [[penis]], [[death]]).
* 1 will require additional immediate surgery and sutures to stop hemorrhage.
* 1 will develop fibrosis.
Out of 100 intact boys:<ref name="DrMomma2010"/>
* 2 will be treated with antibiotics for a [[UTI]] (fewer if the [[foreskin ]] is never forcibly retracted).* 1 will be told to get [[circumcised ]] later in life for one reason or another (fewer if the foreskin is never forcibly retracted).
== AAP confirms complications ==
[[Category:Parental information]]
[[Category:Circumcision risk]]
[[Category:Complication]]
[[de:Beschneidungsrisiken]]