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The United States are unique because the American medical industry has been promoting the practice of non-therapeutic circumcision since the late 19th Century.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Gollaher |first=David L. |init=DL |author-link=David Gollaher |title= From ritual to science: the medical transformation of circumcision in America |journal=Journal of Social History |date=GollaherDL 1994 |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=5-36 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/history/gollaher/ |accessdate=2020-08-02}}</ref> As a result of the centuries-old promotion almost all American males were circumcised soon after birth from the 1930s through the 1980s.<ref name="laumann1996">{{REFjournal