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|accessdate=2020-11-24
}}</ref>
{{Citation
|Title=
|Text=Although haemorrhage and sepsis are the main causes of morbidity, the variety of complications is enormous. The literature abounds with reports of morbidity and even death as a result of circumcision.
|Author=Neville Williams & Leela Kapila
|Source=
|ref=
}}
== Definition ==
In medicine, a complication is the undesired development or the unexpectedly difficult course of a disease, [[trauma ]] or therapy. Complications are therefore secondary events.
In relation to drug therapy, the term "side effect" is used rather than "complication".
Complications of a disease can arise from many different mechanisms, for example through
* spread of inflammatory processes (e.g. septicemia in an abscess);
* [[bleeding ]] complications (e.g. with anticoagulation);* dysregulation (e.g. [[shock]]);
* chronic tissue damage (e.g. neuropathy in diabetes mellitus).
In the case of invasive interventions in the human body, complications are frequent and must be communicated to the patient as part of the patient education. A "[[circumcision]]" is an invasive intervention in the human body by definition.
== Classification ==
* Early complication: Short time between the triggering event and the occurrence of the complication
* Late complication: Long time lag between the triggering event and the occurrence of the complication
== 47 classes of complications ==
In a recently published meta-study, Iacob et al. (2021) defined 47 classes of complications arising from male circumcision.<ref name="iacob2021">{{REFjournal
|last=Iacob
|first=Stanca Iris
|init=SI
|last2=Feinn
|first2=Richard S.
|init2=RS
|last3=Sardi
|first3=Lauren
|init3=L
|author3-link=Lauren Sardi
|title=Systematic review of complications arising from male circumcision
|journal=BJUI Compass
|date=2021-11-11
|pages=1–25
|doi=10.1002/bco2.123
|url=https://bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bco2.123
|format=PDF
|accessdate=2022-01-04
}}</ref> These are:
# [[Extensive penile skin defect]]s / [[avulsion]]
# [[Infection]] (minor and major)
# [[Penile herpes simplex virus type 1 infection (after Jewish ritual circumcision)]]
# [[Necrosis]]
# Partial penile/glans [[amputation]]
# [[Complete penile amputation]]
# [[Penile haematoma]]
# [[Bleeding]] in the context of a genetic condition: haemophilia, sickle cell trait and factor VII deficiency
# [[Oedema]]
# [[Keloids]]
# [[Phimosis]] (referring to pathological phimosis)
# [[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome|Sudden infant death syndrome]]
# [[Haemorrhage]] ([[bleeding]]) (outside of a genetic deficiency)
# [[Nonhealing wound]]
# [[Scrotum|Scrotal injuries]]
# [[Preputial stenosis]]
# [[Meatal stenosis]]
# [[Cicatrix]]
# [[Meatitis]]
# [[Trapped/buried/concealed/inconspicuous penis]]
# [[Urethrocutaneous fistula]]
# [[Iatrogenic]] [[hypospadias]]
# [[Intraperitoneal bladder perforation]] (leading to life-threatening renal failure)
# Circulatory [[shock]]
# [[Death]] (from [[bleeding]] or infection)
# [[Unsatisfactory cosmetic results including uncircumcised appearance]]
# [[Device displacement]]
# [[Early sloughing of foreskin tissue]]
# [[Long foreskin obstructing urine flow]]
# [[Insufficient foreskin removal/redundant foreskin]]
# (Acute) Ischaemia (which can lead to [[necrosis]])
# [[Pain]]
# [[Skin bridge]]s (penile skin adhesion)
# [[Fournier’s gangrene]]
# [[Penile mycosis leading to penile gangrene]]
# [[Glandular adhesion (of remnant foreskin)]]
# [[Dermoid cyst|Implantation dermoid/epidermal inclusion cysts/penile implantation cyst]]
# [[Myiasis (fly infestation)]]
# [[Denuded penis]]
# [[Chordee]]
# [[Suture sinus tract]]s
# [[Lower clinical neurophysiological elicitability of the penilo-cavernosus reflex]]
# [[Sexual dysfunction]]
# [[Traumatic neuroma]]
# [[Decreased urine output]]
# [[Excessive skin removal]]
# [[Urethral injury|Injury to urethra]]
== Other complications ==
* '''Rupture of the ear drum:''' The website [[Saving Our Sons (SoS)]] reported in 2017 about a hearing test for a boy where the doctor asked if the boy was [[circumcised]]. After being asked if that was a relevant question, the doctor stated that sometimes an ear drum can burst while they are [[Pain|crying]] during the [[circumcision]].<ref>{{REFweb
|url=http://www.joseph4gi.com/2017/09/drs-may-ask-if-baby-is-circumcised-for.html
|title=Drs. May Ask If Baby Is Circumcised for a Hearing Test - Here's Why
|website=Joseph4GI
|date=2017-09-01
|accessdate=2022-04-22
}}</ref>
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Risks and complications]]
* [[Documented severe complications of circumcision]]
* [[Trauma]]
{{LINKS}}
* {{REFweb
|url=httphttps://www.cirp.org/library/complications/
|title=Complications of circumcision
|last=
|first=
|website=CIRP.org
|date=2013-02-22
|accessdate=2020-11-25
}}
* {{REFdocument
|title=Complications of Circumcision
|url=https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/complications-of-circumcision.pdf
|contribution=
|last=
|first=
|publisher=[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]]
|format=PDF
|date=2016-07
|accessdate=2022-01-13
}}
* {{REFbook
|last=Fahmy
|first=Mohamed
|init=M
|year=2009
|title=Complications in Male Circumcision
|url=http://circumcisionharm.org/images-circharm.org/Fahmy%20Ch%2010,%2011,%20title,%20TofC.pdf
|scope=193
|isbn=978-0-323-68127-8
|accessdate=2022-03-16
}}
{{REF}}
[[Category:TermsCircumcision complication]][[Category:Term]]
[[de:Komplikation]]