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|accessdate=2020-11-24
}}</ref>
{{Citation
|Title=
|Text=Although haemorrhage and sepsis are the main causes of morbidity, the variety of complications is enormous. The literature abounds with reports of morbidity and even death as a result of circumcision.
|Author=Neville Williams & Leela Kapila
|Source=
|ref=
}}
== Definition ==
In medicine, a complication is the undesired development or the unexpectedly difficult course of a disease, [[trauma ]] or therapy. Complications are therefore secondary events.
In relation to drug therapy, the term "side effect" is used rather than "complication".
Complications of a disease can arise from many different mechanisms, for example through
* spread of inflammatory processes (e.g. septicemia in an abscess);
* [[bleeding ]] complications (e.g. with anticoagulation);* dysregulation (e.g. [[shock]]);
* chronic tissue damage (e.g. neuropathy in diabetes mellitus).
* Early complication: Short time between the triggering event and the occurrence of the complication
* Late complication: Long time lag between the triggering event and the occurrence of the complication
== 47 classes of complications ==
In a recently published meta-study, Iacob et al. (2021) defined 47 classes of complications arising from male circumcision.<ref name="iacob2021">{{REFjournal
|last=Iacob
|first=Stanca Iris
|init=SI
|last2=Feinn
|first2=Richard S.
|init2=RS
|last3=Sardi
|first3=Lauren
|init3=L
|author3-link=Lauren Sardi
|title=Systematic review of complications arising from male circumcision
|journal=BJUI Compass
|date=2021-11-11
|pages=1–25
|doi=10.1002/bco2.123
|url=https://bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bco2.123
|format=PDF
|accessdate=2022-01-04
}}</ref> These are:
# [[Extensive penile skin defect]]s / [[avulsion]]
# [[Infection]] (minor and major)
# [[Penile herpes simplex virus type 1 infection (after Jewish ritual circumcision)]]
# [[Necrosis]]
# Partial penile/glans [[amputation]]
# [[Complete penile amputation]]
# [[Penile haematoma]]
# [[Bleeding]] in the context of a genetic condition: haemophilia, sickle cell trait and factor VII deficiency
# [[Oedema]]
# [[Keloids]]
# [[Phimosis]] (referring to pathological phimosis)
# [[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome|Sudden infant death syndrome]]
# [[Haemorrhage]] ([[bleeding]]) (outside of a genetic deficiency)
# [[Nonhealing wound]]
# [[Scrotum|Scrotal injuries]]
# [[Preputial stenosis]]
# [[Meatal stenosis]]
# [[Cicatrix]]
# [[Meatitis]]
# [[Trapped/buried/concealed/inconspicuous penis]]
# [[Urethrocutaneous fistula]]
# [[Iatrogenic]] [[hypospadias]]
# [[Intraperitoneal bladder perforation]] (leading to life-threatening renal failure)
# Circulatory [[shock]]
# [[Death]] (from [[bleeding]] or infection)
# [[Unsatisfactory cosmetic results including uncircumcised appearance]]
# [[Device displacement]]
# [[Early sloughing of foreskin tissue]]
# [[Long foreskin obstructing urine flow]]
# [[Insufficient foreskin removal/redundant foreskin]]
# (Acute) Ischaemia (which can lead to [[necrosis]])
# [[Pain]]
# [[Skin bridge]]s (penile skin adhesion)
# [[Fournier’s gangrene]]
# [[Penile mycosis leading to penile gangrene]]
# [[Glandular adhesion (of remnant foreskin)]]
# [[Dermoid cyst|Implantation dermoid/epidermal inclusion cysts/penile implantation cyst]]
# [[Myiasis (fly infestation)]]
# [[Denuded penis]]
# [[Chordee]]
# [[Suture sinus tract]]s
# [[Lower clinical neurophysiological elicitability of the penilo-cavernosus reflex]]
# [[Sexual dysfunction]]
# [[Traumatic neuroma]]
# [[Decreased urine output]]
# [[Excessive skin removal]]
# [[Urethral injury|Injury to urethra]]
== Other complications ==
* '''Rupture of the ear drum:''' The website [[Saving Our Sons (SoS)]] reported in 2017 about a hearing test for a boy where the doctor asked if the boy was [[circumcised]]. After being asked if that was a relevant question, the doctor stated that sometimes an ear drum can burst while they are [[Pain|crying]] during the [[circumcision]].<ref>{{REFweb
|url=http://www.joseph4gi.com/2017/09/drs-may-ask-if-baby-is-circumcised-for.html
|title=Drs. May Ask If Baby Is Circumcised for a Hearing Test - Here's Why
|website=Joseph4GI
|date=2017-09-01
|accessdate=2022-04-22
}}</ref>
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Risks and complications]]
* [[Documented severe complications of circumcision]]
* [[Trauma]]
{{LINKS}}
* {{REFweb
|url=httphttps://www.cirp.org/library/complications/
|title=Complications of circumcision
|last=
|date=2013-02-22
|accessdate=2020-11-25
}}
* {{REFdocument
|title=Complications of Circumcision
|url=https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/complications-of-circumcision.pdf
|contribution=
|last=
|first=
|publisher=[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]]
|format=PDF
|date=2016-07
|accessdate=2022-01-13
}}
* {{REFbook
|last=Fahmy
|first=Mohamed
|init=M
|year=2009
|title=Complications in Male Circumcision
|url=http://circumcisionharm.org/images-circharm.org/Fahmy%20Ch%2010,%2011,%20title,%20TofC.pdf
|scope=193
|isbn=978-0-323-68127-8
|accessdate=2022-03-16
}}
{{REF}}
[[Category:Circumcision complication]]
[[Category:Term]]
[[de:Komplikation]]