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'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' is member of the 2018 Guideline Development Group (GDG) of the [[WHO]]. The GDG's task is to develop updated recommendations on safe [[Adolescent and adult circumcision| male circumcision ]] for [[HIV ]] prevention and related service delivery for adolescent boys and men in generalized [[HIV ]] epidemics.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/news/gdg-male-circumcision/en/
|title=WHO to develop new guidelines on male circumcision
* City and country of primary residence: Jayapura, Papua, Indonesia
Constant Karma served in 2001-2005 as Deputy Governor of Irian Jaya Province and he began [[HIV]]- related activities with the Papua Provincial AIDS Commission (KPA) and in communities. After 2005, he was appointed by Papua Governor as Chief and Secretary of KPA of Papua Province up to the present time. From various experiences in the Government, he has supported [[HIV ]] & [[AIDS ]] prevention and prevention programs in Papua, such as the implementation of 100% Condom Usage Campaign to High Risk Groups by involving Persipura Jayapura Persipura Football Players Indonesia. Beginning in 2008, he presented about [[HIV ]] and [[AIDS ]] at meetings in Jayapura and advocated for a [[HIV ]] prevention strategy that included male circumcision to prevent [[HIV ]] transmission in Papua.
He works with various groups of society, namely religious institutions, government, NGO, and schools. In 2012, he sought engagement of other parties, especially donor support. He has been engaged with CHAI and a team of researchers from Rwanda on studies of device based male circumcision, acceptability and costs to help inform approaches to implementation and to reach the geographically remote population of Papua.<ref>{{REFdocument
}}</ref>
</blockquote>
Constant Karma is a named author of a journal article in which supports the large scale promotion of voluntary medical male circumcision ([[VMMC]]) to protect against [[HIV]] infection.<ref name="karma2017">{{REFjournal
|last=Ansari
|init=MR
|author-link=
|last2=Lazardi
|init2=E
|author2-link=
|last3=Wignall
|init3=FS
|author3-link=
|last4=Karma
|init4=C
|author4-link=
|last5=Semule
|init5=SA
|author5-link=
|last6=Tarmizi
|init6=SN
|author6-link=
|last7=Magnani
|init7=R
|etal=no
|title=Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision to Prevent HIV in Tanah Papua, Indonesia: Field Trial to Assess Acceptability and Feasibility
|journal=Curr HIV Res
|location=
|date=2017-11-23
|volume=15
|issue=5
|pages=361-71
|url=http://www.eurekaselect.com/156236/article
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=28990535
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.2174/1570162X15666171005170849
|accessdate=2020-04-02
}}</ref> Karma evidently has made up his mind in favor of [[VMMC]].
==Population-based studies==
September 2021 saw the publication of two huge population studies on the relationship of [[circumcision]] and HIV infection:
# Mayan et al. (2021) carried out a massive empirical study of the male population of the province of Ontario, [[Canada]] (569,950 males), of whom 203,588 (35.7%) were [[circumcised]] between 1991 and 2017. The study concluded that circumcision status is not related to risk of HIV infection.<ref name="mayan2021">{{REFjournal
|last=Mayan
|first=Madhur
|init=M
|author-link=
|last2=Hamilton
|first2=Robert J.
|init2=RJ
|author2-link=
|last3=Juurlink
|first3=David N.
|init3=DN
|author3-link=
|last4=Austin
|first4=Peter C.
|init4=PC
|author4-link=
|last5=Jarvi
|first5=Keith A.
|init5=KA
|author5-link=
|etal=no
|title=Circumcision and Risk of HIV Among Males From Ontario, Canada
|journal=J Urol
|date=2021-09-23
|url=https://www.auajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1097/JU.0000000000002234
|quote=We found that circumcision was not independently associated with the risk of acquiring HIV among men from Ontario, Canada.
|pubmedID=34551593
|DOI=10.1097/JU.0000000000002234
|accessdate=2022-06-30
}}</ref>
# [[Morten Frisch]] & Jacob Simonsen (2021) carried out a large scale empirical population study in [[Denmark]] of 855,654 males regarding the alleged value of male circumcision in preventing HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in men. They found that [[circumcised]] men have a higher rate of STI and HIV infection overall than [[intact]] men.<ref name="frisch2021">{{FrischM SimonsenJ 2021}}</ref>
No association between lack of circumcision and risk of HIV infection was found by either study.
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Bias]]
{{REF}}