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→The role of male circumcision: Wikify.
'''Dyspareunia''' is painful [[sexual intercourse]] due to medical or psychological causes. The pain can primarily be on the external surface of the [[genitalia]], or deeper in the pelvis upon deep pressure against the [[cervix]]. It can affect a small portion of the [[vulva]] or [[vagina]] or be felt all over the surface. Understanding the duration, location, and nature of the pain is important in identifying the causes of the pain.<ref name=Wikipedia>{{URLwikipedia|Dyspareunia|Dyspareunia|2020-06-12}}</ref>
Numerous physical, psychological, and social or relationship causes can contribute to [[pain ]] during sexual encounters. Commonly, multiple underlying causes contribute to the pain. The pain can be acquired or [[Congenital disorder|congenital]]. Symptoms of dyspareunia may also occur after menopause. Diagnosis is typically by [[physical examination]] and [[medical history]].<ref name=Wikipedia/>
Underlying causes determine treatment. Many women experience relief when physical causes are identified and treated.<ref name=Wikipedia/>
==The role of male circumcision==
Warren & Bigelow (1994) reported that the [[foreskin]] "provides slack [[shaft skin|skin on the shaft ]] of the erect [[penis ]] allowing it to glide within its own sheath of [[skin ]] during intercourse. This provides for more enjoyable intercourse for both partners and avoids problems with vaginal dryness." It follows that when the [[foreskin]] is amputated by [[circumcision]], the [[gliding action]] is not present, so vaginal abrasions and pain are more likely.<ref name="warren1994">{{REFjournal
|last=Warren
|first=John
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/warren2/
|accessdate=2020-06-19
}}</ref> O'Hara & O'Hara (1999) reported that "[w]omen were also more likely to state that they had had vaginal discomfort with a [[circumcised ]] partner either often or occasionally as opposed to rarely or never."<ref>{{REFjournal|last=O'Hara
|first=K
|author-link=
[[Category:Circumcision risk]]
[[Category:Female sexuality]]
[[de:Dyspareunie]]