Changes

}}</ref> Epispasm was popular in the First Century among [[circumcised ]] Jewish men who wished to appear as [[intact]] Greek. The practice of epispasm seems to have persisted from the Second Century B. C. to the Sixth Century A. D.<ref name="hall1992hall1991">{{REFjournal

==Lipodermos== Hodges (2001) reported, ''Lipodermos'' is the name given by the Greeks to the condition of having a deficient [[foreskin]]. According to Hodges:

Through the development of the concept of ''lipodermos'', Greek medicine gave to Greek civilization a scientific reinforcement of its disapproval of the violations of [[genital integrity ]] occurring in the Near East. This ethos posited not only that a [[circumcised ]] [[penis ]] is a deviation from the natural—although natural — although that is of real importance—but importance — but that a [[circumcised ]] penis is a defective and disfigured [[penis]], one that can be repaired by medical treatment. Medicine and law thereby entered into a mutually supportive relationship: [[circumcision ]] was against the law because it mutilated its victims, but, taken to the next logical level in this medico-ethical argument, it was also against the law because it necessarily inflicted a state of ''lipodermos'' on its victims.<ref name="hodges2001">{{REFjournal

|init=FM |author-link=Frederick M. Hodges

==Ancient surgical epispasm== Hall (1992) reported that a surgical operation surgery was necessary to restore the missing foreskinfor epispasm.<ref name="hall1992hall1991" /> ==Ancient tissue expansion for epispasm==

Schultheiss ''et al''. (1998) report that, in an alternative to the surgical procedures, a weight made of bronze, copper, or leather, called the ''Pondus Judaeus'', was attached to the residual foreskin that pulled the [[skin ]] downward and stretched it which resulted in [[tissue expansion]].<ref name="schultheiss1998">{{REFjournal

The practice In Greek terminology, a person who had undergone the procedure of epispasm seems to have persisted from [[stretching]] the [[Foreskin|prepuce]] was known as ''epispastikós'', the Second Century Bstretched one (epispasmós = pull-over). C. to Similarly, the Romans addressed him as ''recutitio'', the Sixth Century A. Dreskinned (cutis = [[skin]]), not differentiating by this term whether it was done surgically or nonsurgically.<ref name="hall1992schultheiss1998" />

In Greek terminology, a person who had undergone the procedure of stretching the [[Foreskin| prepuce]] was known as ''epispastikós'', the stretched one (epispasmós = pull-over). Similarly, the Romans addressed him as ''recutitio'', =Epispasm in the reskinned (cutis present day= skin), not differentiating by this term whether it was done surgically or nonsurgically.<ref name="schultheiss1998" />

The technique was lost but it was rediscovered in the late Twentieth Century by a group of American men who called themselves Brothers United for Future Foreskins ([[BUFF]]}). NonEpispasm, now known as ''non-surgical foreskin [[restoration ]]'', seems to be of ever-increasing popularity in the Twenty-first Century among [[circumcised ]] men and even circumcised teenagers as young as 13 years of age.<ref>The popular REDDIT website has a sub-reddit for restoring teens that was started by a thirteen-year-old teen-age restorer. At least one other participant gives his age as thirteen.</ref> {{SEEALSO}}* [[Foreskin restoration]]