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→Surrogate consent: Add citation.
|publisher=New York: {{UNI|Oxford University|Oxon}} Press
|date=2001
}}</ref> Some believe that consent Consent for a non-therapeutic operation offends the principle of autonomy, when granted by a surrogate.
Since children, and especially infants, are legally incompetent to grant [[informed consent]] for medical or surgical treatment, that consent must be granted by a surrogate — someone designated to act on behalf of the child-patient, if treatment is to occur.<ref name="conundrum">{{REFjournal
}}</ref>
<ref name="conundrum"/><ref name="Adler">{{REFjournal
|last=Adler
|first=Peter W.
}}</ref> The Canadian Paediatric Society (2015) recommends that circumcisions done in the absence of a [[medical indication]] or for personal reasons "should be deferred until the individual concerned is able to make their own choices."<ref name="CPS2015" />
Regardless of these issues, the unethical general practice of the medical community in the United States is to receive surrogate informed consent or permission from parents or legal guardians for non-therapeutic circumcision of children.<ref name="bma2006povenmire"/><ref name="povenmireconundrum"/>
==Observations==