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'''Financial incentive''' in the [[United States]] to perform medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic [[circumcision ]] is very large. Non-therapeutic [[circumcision, in the United States, ]] is a multi-billion dollar industry. Profit is reaped not only from the practice of circumcision itself, and associated hospital charges, but also from the sale of harvested [[Foreskin| foreskins]], the sale of products derived from harvested foreskins, the sale of circumcision specific tools and utensils, and the treatment of oomplications [[Complication| complications]] and botched circumcisions.

Mansfield ''et al''. (1995) report reported there are no [[medical indications indication]]s for non-therapeutic infant circumcision.<ref name="mansfield1995">{{REFjournal

1.2 million baby boys are circumcised a year in the [[United States ]] alone. At a dollar per procedure, that is already $1,200,000 a year. The going rate for a circumcision procedure is approximately $1,700 when hospital charges are included. American; , multiplied by 1.2 million, that is approximately $2,040,000,000 a year that circumcision brings in based on the procedure alone.

When a baby boy is to be [[circumcised]], mother and baby remain in hospital for about one-fourth of a day longer,<ref name="mansfield1995" /> so that increases the profit to the hospital.

|author-link=Dan Bollinger |publisher=Academia

|accessdate=20192020-1011-2325

|quote=As they the saying goes, follow the money. Now you know why neither the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]], American Medical Association, [[American Academy of Family Physicians]], or the [[American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists| American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists]] haven’t condemned this unnecessary surgery, and why their physician members are quick to recommend the procedure to expectant parents.

Although the [[foreskin]] has [[Immunological and protective function of the foreskin| immunological and protective functions]], Government medical insurance in the [[United States ]] still holds the antique notion, which originated in the late 19th century, that the [[foreskin]] is a cesspool of disease, and [[circumcision ]] improves hygiene and prevents sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), therefore it is best cut off and insurance should pay for it without any proof of [[medical indication ]] or necessity, so there are no effective controls in force to see that only medically necessary services are covered.<ref name="hodges1997">{{REFbook

|first=FrederickM. |init=FM

}}</ref> This view is not supported by current medical evidence. In reality, the opposite is true. The [[Immunological and protective function of the foreskin| immunological functions of the foreskin]] help to prevent disease, so [[intact]] boys are healthier.

The costs are medical expenses of many births are borne by Medicaid. The percentage of births covered by Medicaid pays for about 40 varies by state. It ranges from a low of 20 percent in Vermont to 71 percent of the non-therapeutic circumcisions done in the United StatesNew Mexico.<ref>{{REFweb While 18 states have stopped paying for it, 32 states still pay for non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] |url=https://www.kff. Doctors may be driven to promote circumcision if they get a free stipend from the org/medicaid/state.-indicator/births-financed-by-medicaid/?currentTimeframe=0&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Location%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22%7D |title=Births financed by Medicaid |last= |first=The now expired AAP 2012 Policy Statement on Circumcision stated that "Although health benefits are not great enough to recommend routine (i.e. non |accessdate=2020-therapeutic) circumcision for all male newborns, the benefits of circumcision are sufficient to justify access to this procedure for families choosing it and to '''warrant third08-party payment''' for circumcision 05}}</ref> Medicaid financed 45 percent of male newborns. It is important that clinicians routinely inform parents of the health benefits and risks of male newborn circumcision all births in an unbiased and accurate manner." and "The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists has endorsed this statement2010."<ref>{{REFweb |url=https://publichealth.gwu.edu/content/medicaid-pays-nearly-half-all-births-united-states |title=Medicaid Pays For Nearly Half of All Births in the United States

|date=20122013-09-05 |accessdate=2020-08-2705}}</ref> Circumcision is frequently included as part of the birth package of covered expenses, so third-party payment is provided. While 18 states have stopped paying for non-therapeutic [[circumcision]], 32 states still pay for it. Doctors may be driven to promote non-therapeutic circumcision if they get a free stipend from the state. Adler (2011) has argued that such payments are contrary to law.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Adler |first=Peter W. |init=PW |author-link=Peter W. Adler |title=Circumcision Policy StatementIt is lawful to use Medicaid to pay for circumcision? |journal=Journal of Law and Medicine |date=2011 |volume=19 |issue= |pages=335-353 |url=httphttps://pediatricswww.aappublicationsarclaw.org/wp-content/130uploads/32019/58504/is-it-lawful-to-use-medicaid-to-pay-for-circumcision.pdf |quote= |pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |publisherDOI=Pediatrics |accessdate=20122020-1108-2405}}</ref> Many new born circumcisions are performed by obstetricians.

The [https://www.ihs.gov/ Indian Health Service] provides non-therapeutic circumcision to native Americans, even though it [[circumcision]] is not part of the culture of native Americans.

There are about 2 million United States government employees in the [[United States ]] whose health insurance covers non-therapeutic circumcision.

The [https://www.medicare.gov/ United States Medicare Program] provides health insurance for persons who have reached the age of 65 years. It assumes that any man with a [[foreskin]] needs a [[circumcision]]. It does not require proof of medical necessityto provide [[third-party payment]].

There are approximately 7,000,000 employees of state and local government. The great majority of these have health insurance that pays provides [[third-party payment]] for non-therapeutic circumcision. Money provided from the above described sources to support the practice of non-therapeutic circumcision nourishes the [[circumcision industry]]. ==Private insurance== The United States has an unusual system, which originated during World War II, of having employers provide a non-taxable benefit of medical insurance to employees. The system is not universal so many employers do not provide insurance. Of those who do, many provide [[third-party payment]] to support non-therapeutic circumcision.

Industries that depend on the practice of circumcision, particularly infant [[circumcision ]] include makers of the [[circumstraint]] (the board to which a baby is strapped down to for the procedure), makers of circumcision clamps, manufacturers of circumcision kits, and other utensils used for circumcision.

Foreskins are sold to pharmaceutical companies for stem-cell research, the creation of synthetic [[skin]], and the creation of consumer products. Since the 1980s, private hospitals have been involved in the business of supplying discarded foreskins to private bio-research laboratories and pharmaceutical companies who require human flesh as raw research material.<ref name="hodges1997" /> They also supply foreskins to transnational corporations. Dr. Tania Phillips, professor of dermatology at {{UNI|Boston University|BU}} [http://www.bumc.bu.edu/ Boston University School of Medicine], insisting foreskin gathering and cultivating is scientifically and technologically "very promising." <ref>Ronald Rosenberg. 19 October 1992: 22-23.</ref>

* BioSurface Technology<ref>Companies see $1.5b market in replacement [[skin ]] products. Rosenberg R. ''Boston Globe'' (October 19, 1992): 22-23.</ref>

There are pro-circumcision interest groups that give grants to doctors and researchers to "study" and promote circumcision. Organizations that do this include the [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]]. In 2009, [[Schusterman Family Foundation]] gave a grant to [[mohel ]] and professional infant circumcisor [[Neil Pollock]] to promote infant [[circumcision ]] in Rwanda,<ref name='marketwire 2009-02-24'>{{REFnews

}}</ref> particularly the [[Mogen]] technique, in the name of [[HIV ]] prevention. ==Total annual costs of American circumcision== Bollinger (2012) estimated that the total annual cost of non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] to Americans is $3,647,000,000.<ref name="bollinger2012"/>

[[Category:MotivesMotive]]