Changes

Although circumcision promoter [[Abraham L. Wolbarst]] (1914} once claimed that the human [[foreskin]] was filthy and harbored disease and [[infection]],<ref name="wolbarst1914">{{Construction SiteREFjournal |last=Wolbarst |first=Abraham L. |init=AL |author-link=Abraham L. Wolbarst |title=Universal Circumcision as a Sanitary Measure |journal=JAMA |date=1914-1-10 |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=92-97 |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/453164 |accessdate=2022-08-11}}</ref> in reality the opposite is true. The [[foreskin]] is designed by nature to be self-cleaning and to provide significant natural '''immunological and protective function''' against all types of [[infection]], including [[HIV]].

The [[foreskin]], like the eyelid, also serves an important protective and hygienic function. The [[foreskin ]] protects the delicate [[glans ]] of the [[penis ]] and puts the [[urethra ]] at a distance form from its environment, protecting it from foreign pathogens and contaminants of all kinds while simultaneously shielding the [[penis ]] from injury. It is a double fold of [[skin ]] which offers two layers of protectionto prevent [[keratinization]] and maintain sensitivity.

Natural secretions At birth, the [[foreskin]] is usually attached to the [[glans]] (head) of oil are achieved the [[penis]] by sebaceous glands which are abound in the foreskins inner lininga [[synechia]], these are not present in the glansakin to how a fingernail is attached to a finger.<ref>Hyman AB, Brownstien MH{{REFjournal |last=Deibert |init=GA |author-link= |title=The separation of the prepuce in the human penis |url=http://www. Tyson's "glands": ectopic sebaceous glands and papillomatosis peniscirp. Arch Dermatol 1969 Jan;99(1):31org/library/anatomy/deibert/ |journal=Anatomical Record |date=1933-11 |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=387-9 |accessdate=2019-10-620}}</ref>They are also present in the eye lid and perform the same function in both places. They secrete the oils necessary to keep the glans surface soft, moist, smooth, warm, sensitive, and with a healthy glistening red or purple colour. This moisturizer also maintains PH balance, and optimal cleanliness. This The [[preputial sac]] is required to keep the surface of sealed by the glans healthy and clean via the cleaning effects of mucous secretions. Again, this function is analogous to the eye lid. The glans are meant to synechia so it cannot be an internal organ covered and protected from the outside worldinfected.

In the genitally intact penis the urine stream flushes out the urethra and foreskin of foreign microbes. In healthy individuals, urine is sterile and has a disinfectant quality. Researchers have demonstrated that the swirling action of urine as it rushes through the foreskin flushes it out effortlessly and naturally.<ref>Parkash S, Jeykumar S, Subramanyan K, Chaudhuri S. Human Subpreputial collection: its nature and formation. J Urol 1973 Aug 110(2):211-2</ref>Though urine passes through the foreskin every day, the inner foreskin is remarkably free of urea--a by-product of liver metabolism that is secreted in urine. Studies demonstrate that washings from the foreskin are rich in fructose, acid phosphatase, and mucininfancy, but never urea. It appears that the secretions of seminal vesicles, prostate, and urethral mucous glands, collectively or individually, keep the foreskin clear and clean as well.<ref>Parkash S. Penis: some facts and fancies. Journal of Physician's Association pf Madras June 1982: pp.1-13</ref>At birth, the foreskin is usually attached to the glans(head) of the penis, akin to how a fingernail is attached to a finger.<ref>Diebert GA. The separation of the prepuce in the human penis. Anatomical Record 1993 Nov;57(4):387-99.</ref> At infancy the foreskins tubular neck(prepucial orifice) is often long and narrow while the [[Dartos]] sphincter muscle in the tip of the [[foreskin ]] keeps its opening closed. This acts as an extension of the [[urethra]].<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Hunter |init=RH |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1249280/pdf/janat00534-0090. pdf |title=Notes on the development of the prepuce. |journal=Journal of Anatamy Anatomy |date=1935 Oct;-10 |volume=70( |issue=1): |pages=6875. |format=PDF |accessdate=2019-10-20}}</ref> <ref>{{REFjournal |last=Glenister |init=TW |url=https://bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1464-410X. 1956.tb04763.x |title=A consideration of their process involved in the development of the prepuce in man. |journal=Br J Urol |date=1956 Sep;-09 |volume=28( |issue=3): |pages=243-9249}}</ref> Together, these properties prevent the entry of pathogens and contaminants.The idea that the foreskin is <ref name="dirtyfleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998" or "unclean" is a scientifically unfounded superstition. >{{FleissP HodgesF VanHoweRS 1998}}</ref> The intact [[foreskin]] protects the infant [[glans penis is naturally clean ]] from ammonia in diapers (nappies) and prevents meatal ulcer and maintains a level [[meatal stenosis]].<ref>{{GairdnerDM 1949}}</ref> <ref name="vanhowe2006">{{REFjournal |last=Van Howe |init=RS |author-link= |title=Incidence of hygiene that is optimal when compared to meatal stenosis following neonatal circumcision in a penis that has been altered by primary care setting |journal=Clin Pediatr (Phila) |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=49-54 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/000992280604500108?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed |quote= |pubmedID=16429216 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1177/000992280604500108 |date=2006-01 |accessdate=2020-01-09 |note=Jan-Feb 2006}}</ref> <ref>{{REFjournal |last=Upadhyay |init=V |author-link= |last2=Hammodat |init2=HM |author2-link= |last3=Pease |init3=PW |author3-link= |etal=no |title=Post circumcisionmeatal stenosis |trans-title= |language= |journal=N Z Med J |location= |date=1998-02-27 |volume=111 |issue=1060 |pages=57-8 |url=http://www. cirp.org/library/complications/upadhyay1/ |quote= |pubmedID=9539919 |pubmedCID= |DOI= |accessdate=2020-01-10}}</ref>

Due Natural secretions of oil are achieved by sebaceous glands which are abound in the [[foreskin]]'s inner lining, these are not present in the [[glans penis]].<ref name="hyman-brownstein1969">{{REFjournal |last=Hyman |init=AB |last2=Brownstein |init2=MH |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/article-abstract/530842 |title=Tyson's "glands": ectopic sebaceous glands and papillomatosis penis |journal=Arch Dermatol |date=1969-01 |volume=99 |issue=1 |pages=31-36 |accessdate=2019-10-20}}</ref> They are also present in the eyelid and perform the same function in both places. They secrete the oils necessary to keep the [[glans]] surface soft, moist, smooth, warm, sensitive, and with a healthy glistening red or purple color. This moisturizer also maintains PH balance, and optimal cleanliness. This is required to keep the surface of the glans healthy and clean via the cleaning effects of mucous secretions. Again, this function is analogous to the eye lid. The [[glans penis]] is meant to be an internal organ covered and protected from the outside world. In the genitally [[intact]] [[penis]] the [[urine]] stream flushes out the [[urethra]] and [[foreskin]] of foreign microbes. In healthy individuals, [[urine]] is sterile and has a disinfectant quality. Researchers have demonstrated that the swirling action of [[urine]] as it rushes through the [[foreskin]] flushes it out effortlessly and naturally.<ref name="parkash-jeykumar1973">{{REFjournal |last=Parkash |init=S |last2=Jeykumar |init2=S |last3=Subramanyan |init3=K |last4=Chaudhuri |init4=S |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/parkash/ |title=Human subpreputial collection: its nature and formation |journal=J Urol |date=1973-08 |volume=110 |issue=2 |pages=211-212 |accessdate=2019-10-20}}</ref> Though [[urine]] passes through the [[foreskin]] every day, the inner foreskin is remarkably free of urea — a by-product of liver metabolism that is secreted in [[urine]]. Studies demonstrate that washings from the foreskin are rich in fructose, acid phosphatase, and mucin, but never urea. It appears that the secretions of [[seminal vesicles]], prostate, and [[urethra]]l mucous glands, collectively or individually, keep the foreskin clear and clean as well.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Parkash |init=S |title=Penis: some facts and fancies |journal=Journal of Physician's Association of Madras |date=1982-06 |pages=1-13}}</ref>  The idea that the foreskin is "dirty" or "unclean" is a scientifically unfounded superstition. The [[intact]] [[penis]] is naturally clean and maintains a level of hygiene that is optimal when compared to a [[penis]] that has been altered by [[circumcision]].<ref name="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998" />  In comparison, due to the open wounds and raw [[bleeding ]] fleshin a diaper, the [[circumcised ]] [[penis ]] needs much more care after [[circumcision]]. The surgically externalized [[glans ]] is dirty rather then clean because of constant exposure to dirt, abrasion , pathogens, and contaminants.<refname="vanhowe1997">{{REFjournal |last=Van Howe |init=RS |author-link=Robert Van Howe |url=https://bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1464-410X.1997.00467. x |title=Variability in penile appearance and penile findings: a prospective study. |journal=Br J Urol |date=1997; |volume=80: |pages=776-782 |DOI=10.1046/j.1464-410X.1997.00467.x |accessdate=2019-10-20}}</ref>[[Circumcised ]] boys are also found to be more likely to develop [[balanitis]], [[meatitis]], [[Skin bridge| coronal adhesions ]], and [[meatal stenosis]].<ref name="vanhowe1997"/> After retraction commences, excessive washing and the use of soap inside the [[foreskin]] should be avoided.<refname="birley1993">Van Howe RS. Variability in penile appearance {{REFjournal |last=Birley |init=HDL |author-link= |last2=Walker |init2=MM |author2-link= |last3=Luzzi |init3=GA |author3-link= |last4=Bell |init4=R |author4-link= |etal=yes |title=Clinical Features and management of recurrent balanitis; association with atopy and penile findingsgenital washing] |trans-title= |language= |journal=Genitourin Med |location= |date=1993-10 |volume=69 |issue=5 |pages=400-3 |url=https: a prospective study//www.ncbi.nlm.nih. Br J Urol 1997; 80: 776gov/pmc/articles/PMC1195128/pdf/genitmed00029-7820074.pdf |quote= |pubmedID=8244363 |pubmedCID=1195128 |DOI=10.1136/sti.69.5.400 |accessdate=2021-03-20}}</ref>

The foreskins foreskin's inner fold and the [[glans ]] of the [[penis ]] are comprised of [[Preputial mucosa|mucous membrane ]] tissue. These are also present in your eyes, mouth, and all other bodily orifices including the female genitals. These are the first line of immunological defensive defense for the body's orifices. These mucous membranes perform many immunological and hygienic functions.  Certain components such as [[Langerhans cells]],<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Weiss |init=GN, |last2=Sanders |init2=M, |last3=Westbrook |init3=KC |url=http://www.circumstitions. com/Langerhans.html |title=The distribution and density of Langerhans cells in the human prepuce: site of diminished immune response? |journal=Isr J Med Sci |date=1993 Jan;-01 |volume=29( |issue=1); |pages=42-343 |accessdate=2019-10-20}}</ref>plasma cells,<refname="flower1983"> {{REFjournal |last=Flower |init=PJ, |last2=Ladds |init2=PW, |last3=Thomas |init3=AD, |last4=Watson |init4=DL |url=https://journals.sagepub. com/doi/abs/10.1177/030098588302000206 |title=An immunopathologic study on the bovine prepuce. |journal=Vet Pathol |date=1983 Mar;-03 |volume=20( |issue=2): |pages=189-201. |accessdate=2019-10-20}}</ref>apocrine glands, <ref> {{REFjournal |last=Ahmed |init=A, |last2=Jones |init2=AW |url=https://www. academia.edu/5687437/APOCRINE_CYSTADENOMA_A_REPORT_OF_TWO_CASES_OCCURRING_ON_THE_PREPUCE |title=Apocrine Cystadenoma: a report of two cases occurring on the prepuce. |journal=Br J Dermatol |date=1969 Dec; -12 |volume=81( |issue=12): |pages=899-901. |accessdate=2019-10-20}}</ref>and sebaceous glands,<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Hyman |init=AB, Brownstien |last2=Brownstein |init2=MH. |title=Tyson's "glands": ectopic sebaceous glands and papillomatosis penis. |journal=Arch Dermatol |date=1969 Jan;-01 |volume=99( |issue=1): |pages=31-636 |accessdate=2019-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal |last=Delbanco |init=E. |title=Über das gehäufte Aufreten Auftreten von Talgdrusen freien Talgdrüsen an der Innerflähe Innenfläche des Präputium. Präputiums |trans-title=About the increased occurrence of free sebaceous glands on the inner surface of the prepuce |language=German |journal=Monatshefte für praktishe praktische Dermatologie |date=1904; |volume=38: |pages=536-8.538 |accessdate=2019-10-20}}</ref> <ref>{{REFjournal |last=Piccinno |init=R, |last2=Carrel C |first2=Ch.-F, . |init2=CF |last3=Menni |init3=S. et al. |etal=yes |title=sebacous glands mimicking molluscum contagiosum |journal=Acta Derm Venerol1990;Venerol |date=1990 |volume=70: |pages=344-5.345}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal |last=Krompecher |first=St. |init=S |title=Die Histologie der Absonderung fur des Smegma Praeputi. praeputii |trans-title=Histology of allocation of a smegma praeputii |language=German |journal=Anatomischer Anzeiger |date=1932; |volume=75: |pages=170-176.}}</ref>,collectively secrete emolliating emollient lubricants.<ref>Parkash S, Jeykumar S, Subramanyan K, Chaudhuri S. Human Subpreputial collection: its nature and formation. J Urol 1973 Aug 110(2):211name="parkash-2<jeykumar1973"/ref>Apocrine glans glands perform a crucial function by secreting enzymes such as lysosomal enzymes, cathepsin B, chymotrypsin, and neutrophil elastase.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Frohlich |init=E |last2=Shamburg-Lever |init2=G, |last3=Klesses |init3=C. |title=Immunelectron microscopic localization of cathepsin B in human apocrine glands. |journal=J Cutan Pathol |date=1993 Feb;-02 |volume=20( |issue=1): |pages=54-60}}</ref>  There is also strong some research to suggest that lysozyme can may protect against [[HIV ]] infection.<ref>{{REFweb |first=George |last=Hill |author-link=George Hill Summary of evidence that the foreskin and lysozyme may protect against HIV infection.7 September 2003 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/HIV/hill1/ |title=Summary of evidence that the foreskin and lysozyme may protect against HIV infection |date=2003-09-07 |accessdate=2019-10-20}}</ref> <ref name="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998" />  Apocrine glands also produce cytokine,<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Ahmed |init=AA, |last2=Nordlind |init2=K, |last3=Schultzberd |init3=M, |last4=Liden |init4=S |url=https://link. Immunohisto chemical springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01105803 |title=Immunohistochemical localization of IL-1 alpha-, IL-1 beta-, IL-6- and TNF-alpha-like immunoreactivities in human apocrine glands |journal=ArchDermatol Res |date=1995 |volume=287 |issue=8 |pages=764-766 |accessdate=2019-10-20}}</ref>which is a very important nonantibody non-antibody protein that generates immune response when in contact with specific agents.Plasma cells which increase in number in response to pathogens levels, secrete immunoglobulin.<ref name="flower1983"/>It is also very important to note that [[Langerhans cells]] that are present in the [[foreskin]] produce ''Langerin'', a substance that has been proven to kill human immunodeficiency virus ([[HIV]]) on contact.<ref>Flower PJ, Ladds PW, Thomas AD, Watson DL{{DeWitte etal 2007}}</ref> All of these function to sequester and “digest” foreign pathogens. All these substances play an important role in protecting the penis from viral and bacterial pathogens. An immunopathologic study on The immunological functions of the bovine human prepucehave been extensively documented by respected researchers for quite some time. Vet Pathol 1983 Mar;20(2):189<ref name="fleiss-hodges-201.<vanhowe1998" /ref>

It is also very important to note that Langerhans cells that are present in the foreskin produce Langerin, a substance that has been proven to kill the HI-virus on contact[[Breastfeeding]] provides additional protection against [[urinary tract infection]].<ref> de Witte L, Nabatov A, Pion M, et al. Langerin is a natural barrier to HIV-1 transmission by Langerhans cells. Nat Med 2007 Mar;13(3):367-71 http://www.cirp.org/news/healthday2007-03-05/</ref>All of these function to sequester and “digest” foreign pathogens. All these substances play an important role in protecting the penis from viral and bacterial pathogens. The immunological functions of the human prepuce have been extensively documented by respected researchers for quite some time.<ref>P M Fleiss, F M Hodges, R S Van Howe. Immunological functions of the human prepuce. SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (London), Volume 74, Number 5, Pages 364-367, October 1998.http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/STD/fleiss3/</ref>

In infancy, simple sugars in breast milk, like antibacterial oligosaccharides, are acquired from the mothers milk and excreted in urine. {{SEEALSO}}* [[Breastfeeding]]University studies have shown that these substances cling to the mucosal lining * [[Care of the inner foreskin and protect against urinary tract infectionsintact, foreskinned boys]]<ref>Hanson LA, Karlsson B, Jalil F, et al. Antiviral * [[Circumcision and antibacterial factors in human milk. In: Hanson LA, ed. Biology of Human Milk. New York Raven Press; 1988. pp. 141-57</ref>STDs]], as well as infections in other parts of the body. <ref>Coppa GV, Gabrielli O, Giorgi P, Catassi C, Montanari MP, Veraldo PE, Nichols BL. Preliminary study of breast feeding * [[Circumcision and bacterial adhesion to uroepithelial cells. Lemcet 1990 Mar 10;335(8689):569-71.</ref>HIV]]Babies excrete in their urine about 300-500 milligrams of oligosaccharides each day. These compounds prevent virulent strains * [[Development of Escherichia coli from adhering to the mucosal lining of the entire urinary tract, including the retractable foreskin and glans.]]* [[Foreskin]]For these reasons breast-milk is highly efficacious at preventing UTI.* [[Foreskin sensitivity]]<ref>Gothefors L, Olling S, Winberg J. Breastfeeding and biological properties * [[Immunological protection of faecal E. coli strains. Acta Paediatr Scand 1975 Nov;54(6):807-12</ref>breastfeeding]]Rigorous study's have repeatedly demonstrated that breast feeding protects against urinary tract infections.* [[Keratinization]]<ref>Mårild S. Breastfeeding and Urinary Tract Infections. Lancet 1990;336:942 </ref><ref>Pisacane A, et al. Breastfeeding and urinary tract infection. The Lancet, July 7, 1990, p50 </ref>* [[Penis]]<ref>Pisacane A, Graziano L, Mazzarella G, et al. Breast-feeding and urinary tract infection. J Pediatr 1992;120:87-89.</ref>* [[Pheromone]]Researchers have shown that premature foreskin retraction can expose the penis to hospital strains of Escherichia coli and can result in UTI.* [[Preputial sac]]<ref>Winberg J et al. The Prepuce: A Mistake of Nature? Lancet 1989, pp.598-99.</ref>* [[Smegma]]Hence the protective function of the foreskin is in the child's best interest especially during chemically treated diaper wearing years where feces mixed with urine can not only contaminate the permanently exposed urinary meatus but also the amputation wound from the circumcision surgery itself.* [[Transudation]]

It is important to note that women have a higher risk of UTI{{LINKS}}* {{REFweb |url=http://www. This is because the shorter urethra offers less protection via the immunological function of the urethra's mucosal liningintactaus. By the same observation we see that the tubular tip of the foreskin and its mucosal lining act as an extension of the urethra, hence providing more org/information/functionsoftheforeskin/ |title=Functions of that same protection via mucosa immunology and the adherence of antibacterial substances in breast milkForeskin |last=Helard |first=Lou |author-link=Lou Helard |publisher=Intact Australia |website=http://www. Understandably, removal of the foreskin destroys all this functionalityintactaus.org |date=2014-08-01 |accessdate=2020-06-05}}