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Although circumcision promoter [[Abraham L. Wolbarst]] (1914} once claimed that the human [[foreskin]] was filthy and harbored disease and [[infection]],<ref name="wolbarst1914">{{Construction SiteREFjournal |last=Wolbarst |first=Abraham L. |init=AL |author-link=Abraham L. Wolbarst |title=Universal Circumcision as a Sanitary Measure |journal=JAMA |date=1914-1-10 |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=92-97 |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/453164 |accessdate=2022-08-11}}</ref> in reality the opposite is true. The [[foreskin]] is designed by nature to be self-cleaning and to provide significant natural '''immunological and protective function''' against all types of [[infection]], including [[HIV]].

The [[foreskin]], like the eyelid, also serves an important protective and hygienic function. The [[foreskin ]] protects the delicate [[glans ]] of the [[penis]] and puts the [[urethra ]] at a distance form from its environment, protecting it from foreign pathogens and contaminants of all kinds while simultaneously shielding the [[penis ]] from injury. It is a double fold of [[skin ]] which offers two layers of protectionto prevent [[keratinization]] and maintain sensitivity.

Natural secretions of oil are achieved by sebaceous glands which are abound in At birth, the foreskins inner lining, these are not present in [[foreskin]] is usually attached to the [[glans ]] (head) of the [[penis]]by a [[synechia]], akin to how a fingernail is attached to a finger.<ref name>{{REFjournal |last=Deibert |init="hymanGA |author-brownstein1969">Hyman AB, Brownstein MH. [httpslink= |title=The separation of the prepuce in the human penis |url=http://jamanetworkwww.comcirp.org/journalslibrary/jamadermatologyanatomy/articledeibert/ |journal=Anatomical Record |date=1933-abstract/530842 Tyson's "glands": ectopic sebaceous glands and papillomatosis penis]. ''Arch Dermatol'' 1969 Jan;99(1):3111 |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=387-9 |accessdate=2019-10-620}}</ref> They are also present in the eye lid and perform the same function in both places. They secrete the oils necessary to keep the glans surface soft, moist, smooth, warm, sensitive, and with a healthy glistening red or purple color. This moisturizer also maintains PH balance, and optimal cleanliness. This The [[preputial sac]] is required to keep the surface of the glans healthy and clean via sealed by the cleaning effects of mucous secretions. Again, this function is analogous to the eye lid. The glans penis is meant to synechia so it cannot be an internal organ covered and protected from the outside worldinfected.

In infancy, the genitally intact penis the urine stream flushes out the urethra and foreskin of foreign microbes. In healthy individuals, urine 's tubular neck (prepucial orifice) is sterile often long and has a disinfectant quality. Researchers have demonstrated that narrow while the [[Dartos]] sphincter muscle in the swirling action tip of urine the [[foreskin]] keeps its opening closed. This acts as it rushes through an extension of the foreskin flushes it out effortlessly and naturally[[urethra]].<ref name>{{REFjournal |last=Hunter |init=RH |url="parkash-jeykumar1973">Parkash S, Jeykumar S, Subramanyan K, Chaudhuri S. [httphttps://www.cirpncbi.nlm.nih.orggov/pmc/libraryarticles/anatomyPMC1249280/parkashpdf/ Human Subpreputial collection: its nature and formation]janat00534-0090. ''J Urol'' 1973 Aug 110(2):211pdf |title=Notes on the development of the prepuce |journal=Journal of Anatomy |date=1935-10 |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=6875 |format=PDF |accessdate=2019-10-220}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal |last=Glenister |init=TWThough urine passes through the foreskin every day, the inner foreskin is remarkably free of urea — a by |url=https://bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1464-product 410X.1956.tb04763.x |title=A consideration of liver metabolism that is secreted their process involved in urine. Studies demonstrate that washings from the foreskin are rich development of the prepuce in fructose, acid phosphatase, and mucinman |journal=Br J Urol |date=1956-09 |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=243-249}}</ref> Together, but never urea. It appears that these properties prevent the secretions entry of seminal vesicles, prostate, and urethral mucous glands, collectively or individually, keep the foreskin clear pathogens and clean as wellcontaminants.<refname="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998">Parkash S. Penis: some facts and fancies. ''Journal of Physician's Association 0f Madras'' June 1982: 1-13.{{FleissP HodgesF VanHoweRS 1998}}</ref>At birth, the The [[foreskin is usually attached to ]] protects the infant [[glanspenis]] from ammonia in diapers (headnappies) and prevents meatal ulcer and [[meatal stenosis]].<ref>{{GairdnerDM 1949}}</ref> <ref name="vanhowe2006">{{REFjournal |last=Van Howe |init=RS |author-link= |title=Incidence of the penis, akin to how meatal stenosis following neonatal circumcision in a fingernail is attached to a fingerprimary care setting |journal=Clin Pediatr (Phila) |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=49-54 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/000992280604500108?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed |quote= |pubmedID=16429216 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1177/000992280604500108 |date=2006-01 |accessdate=2020-01-09 |note=Jan-Feb 2006}}</ref> <ref>Diebert GA. [{{REFjournal |last=Upadhyay |init=V |author-link= |last2=Hammodat |init2=HM |author2-link= |last3=Pease |init3=PW |author3-link= |etal=no |title=Post circumcision meatal stenosis |trans-title= |language= |journal=N Z Med J |location= |date=1998-02-27 |volume=111 |issue=1060 |pages=57-8 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomycomplications/deibertupadhyay1/ The separation of the prepuce in the human penis]. ''Anatomical Record'' 1993 Nov;57(4):387 |quote= |pubmedID=9539919 |pubmedCID= |DOI= |accessdate=2020-01-99.10}}</ref>

In infancy Natural secretions of oil are achieved by sebaceous glands which are abound in the [[foreskin]]'s tubular neck (prepucial orifice) is often long and narrow while the sphincter muscle inner lining, these are not present in the tip of the foreskin keeps its opening closed. This acts as an extension of the urethra[[glans penis]].<refname="hyman-brownstein1969">Hunter RH. [{{REFjournal |last=Hyman |init=AB |last2=Brownstein |init2=MH |url=https://www.ncbi.nlmjamanetwork.nih.govcom/pmcjournals/articlesjamadermatology/PMC1249280article-abstract/pdf/janat00534530842 |title=Tyson's "glands": ectopic sebaceous glands and papillomatosis penis |journal=Arch Dermatol |date=1969-0090.pdf Notes on the development of the prepuce]. ''Journal of Anatomy'' 1935 Oct;70(1):6875. |volume=99 |issue=1 |pages=31-36 |accessdate=2019-10-20}}</ref> <ref>Glenister TW. A consideration of their process involved They are also present in the development of eyelid and perform the prepuce same function in manboth places. ''Br J Urol'' 1956 Sep;28(3):243-9They secrete the oils necessary to keep the [[glans]] surface soft, moist, smooth, warm, sensitive, and with a healthy glistening red or purple color.</ref> TogetherThis moisturizer also maintains PH balance, these properties prevent and optimal cleanliness. This is required to keep the surface of the glans healthy and clean via the entry cleaning effects of contaminantsmucous secretions.The idea that Again, this function is analogous to the foreskin is "dirty" or "unclean" is a scientifically unfounded superstitioneye lid. The intact [[glans penis ]] is naturally clean meant to be an internal organ covered and maintains a level of hygiene that is optimal when compared to a penis that has been altered by circumcisionprotected from the outside world.

In the genitally [[intact]] [[penis]] the [[urine]] stream flushes out the [[urethra]] and [[foreskin]] of foreign microbes. In healthy individuals, [[urine]] is sterile and has a disinfectant quality. Researchers have demonstrated that the swirling action of [[urine]] as it rushes through the [[foreskin]] flushes it out effortlessly and naturally.<ref name="parkash-jeykumar1973">{{REFjournal |last=Parkash |init=S |last2=Jeykumar |init2=S |last3=Subramanyan |init3=K |last4=Chaudhuri |init4=S |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/parkash/ |title=Human subpreputial collection: its nature and formation |journal=J Urol |date=1973-08 |volume=110 |issue=2 |pages=211-212 |accessdate=2019-10-20}}</ref> Though [[urine]] passes through the [[foreskin]] every day, the inner foreskin is remarkably free of urea — a by-product of liver metabolism that is secreted in [[urine]]. Studies demonstrate that washings from the foreskin are rich in fructose, acid phosphatase, and mucin, but never urea. It appears that the secretions of [[seminal vesicles]], prostate, and [[urethra]]l mucous glands, collectively or individually, keep the foreskin clear and clean as well.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Parkash |init=S |title=Penis: some facts and fancies |journal=Journal of Physician's Association of Madras |date=1982-06 |pages=1-13}}</ref>  The idea that the foreskin is "dirty" or "unclean" is a scientifically unfounded superstition. The [[intact]] [[penis]] is naturally clean and maintains a level of hygiene that is optimal when compared to a [[penis]] that has been altered by [[circumcision]].<ref name="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998" />  In comparison, due to the open wounds and raw [[bleeding ]] fleshin a diaper, the [[circumcised ]] [[penis ]] needs much more care after [[circumcision]]. The surgically externalized [[glans ]] is dirty rather then clean because of constant exposure to dirt, abrasion , pathogens, and contaminants.<ref name="vanhowe1997">{{REFjournal |last=Van Howe |init=RS. [ |author-link=Robert Van Howe |url=https://bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1464-410X.1997.00467.x |title=Variability in penile appearance and penile findings: a prospective study]. '' |journal=Br J Urol'' |date=1997; |volume=80: |pages=776-82782 |DOI=10.1046/j.1464-410X.1997.00467.x |accessdate=2019-10-20}}</ref> [[Circumcised ]] boys are also found to be more likely to develop [[balanitis]], [[meatitis]], [[Skin bridge| coronal adhesions ]], and [[meatal stenosis]].<ref name="vanhowe1997" /> After retraction commences, excessive washing and the use of soap inside the [[foreskin]] should be avoided.<ref name="birley1993">{{REFjournal |last=Birley |init=HDL |author-link= |last2=Walker |init2=MM |author2-link= |last3=Luzzi |init3=GA |author3-link= |last4=Bell |init4=R |author4-link= |etal=yes |title=Clinical Features and management of recurrent balanitis; association with atopy and genital washing] |trans-title= |language= |journal=Genitourin Med |location= |date=1993-10 |volume=69 |issue=5 |pages=400-3 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1195128/pdf/genitmed00029-0074.pdf |quote= |pubmedID=8244363 |pubmedCID=1195128 |DOI=10.1136/sti.69.5.400 |accessdate=2021-03-20}}</ref>

The foreskin's inner fold and the [[glans ]] of the [[penis ]] are comprised of [[Preputial mucosa|mucous membrane ]] tissue. These are also present in your eyes, mouth, and all other bodily orifices including the female genitals. These are the first line of immunological defensive defense for the body's orifices. These mucous membranes perform many immunological and hygienic functions. Certain components such as Langerhans cells<ref>Weiss GN, Sanders M, Westbrook KC. The distribution and density of Langerhans cells in the human prepuce: site of diminished immune response? ''Isr J Med Sci'' 1993 Jan;29(1);42-3</ref>plasma cells<ref>Flower PJ, Ladds PW, Thomas AD, Watson DL. An immunopathologic study on the bovine prepuce. ''Vet Pathol'' 1983 Mar;20(2):189-201.</ref>apocrine glands,<ref> Ahmed A, Jones AW. Apocrine Cystadenoma: a report of two cases occurring on the prepuce. ''Br J Dermatol'' 1969 Dec; 81(12):899-901.</ref>and sebaceous glands,<ref>Hyman AB, Brownstein MH. Tyson's "glands": ectopic sebaceous glands and papillomatosis penis. ''Arch Dermatol'' 1969 Jan;99(1):31-6</ref> <ref>Delbanco E. Über das gehäufte Aufreten von Talgdrusen an der Innerflähe des Präputium. ''Monatshefte für praktishe Dermatologie'' 1904; 38:536-8.</ref> <ref>Piccinno R, Carrel C-F, Menni S. ''et al''. sebacous glands mimicking molluscum contagiosum ''Acta Derm Venerol'' 1990;70:344-5.</ref> <ref>Krompecher St. Die Histologie der Absonderung fur Smegma Praeputi. ''Anatomischer Anzeiger'' 1932; 75:170-176.</ref>, collectively secrete emolliating lubricants.<ref>Parkash S, Jeykumar S, Subramanyan K, Chaudhuri S. Human Subpreputial collection: its nature and formation. ''J Urol'' 1973 Aug 110(2):211-2.</ref> Apocrine glans perform a crucial function by secreting enzymes such as lysosomal enzymes, cathepsin B, chymotrypsin, and neutrophil elastase.<ref>Frohlich E Shamburg-Lever G, Klesses C. Immunelectron microscopic localization of cathepsin B in human apocrine glands. ''J Cutan Pathol'' 1993 Feb;20(1):54-60</ref> There is also strong research to suggest that lysozyme can protect against HIV infection'<ref>George Hill. [http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/HIV/hill1/ Summary of evidence that the foreskin and lysozyme may protect against HIV infection]. 7 September 2003. </ref> Apocrine glands also produce cytokine,<ref>Ahmed AA, Nordlind K, Schultzberd M, Liden S. Immunohisto chemical localization of IL-1 alpha-, IL-1 beta-, IL-6- and TNF-alpha-like immunoreactivities in human apocrine glands Arch</ref>which is a very important nonantibody protein that generates immune response when in contact with specific agents.Plasma cells which increase in number in response to pathogens levels, secrete immunoglobulin.<ref>Flower PJ, Ladds PW, Thomas AD, Watson DL. An immunopathologic study on the bovine prepuce. ''Vet Pathol'' 1983 Mar;20(2):189-201.</ref>

It is also very important to note that Certain components such as [[Langerhans cells that are present in the foreskin produce ''Langerin'']], a substance that has been proven to kill the HI-virus on contact.<ref> de Witte L, Nabatov A, Pion {{REFjournal |last=Weiss |init=GN |last2=Sanders |init2=M, ''et al''. [ |last3=Westbrook |init3=KC |url=http://www.cirpcircumstitions.orgcom/news/healthday2007Langerhans.html |title=The distribution and density of Langerhans cells in the human prepuce: site of diminished immune response? |journal=Isr J Med Sci |date=1993-0301 |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=42-05/ Langerin is a natural barrier to HIV43 |accessdate=2019-1 transmission by Langerhans cells]. ''Nat Med'' 2007 Mar;13(3):36710-71.20}}</ref>plasma cells,<ref name="flower1983">{{REFjournal |last=Flower |init=PJ |last2=Ladds |init2=PWAll of these function to sequester and “digest” foreign pathogens |last3=Thomas |init3=AD |last4=Watson |init4=DL |url=https://journals.sagepub. All these substances play an important role in protecting the penis from viral and bacterial pathogenscom/doi/abs/10. The immunological functions of 1177/030098588302000206 |title=An immunopathologic study on the human bovine prepuce have been extensively documented by respected researchers for quite some time. |journal=Vet Pathol |date=1983-03 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=189-201 |accessdate=2019-10-20}}</ref>Fleiss PMapocrine glands, Hodges FM, Van Howe RS. [http<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Ahmed |init=A |last2=Jones |init2=AW |url=https://www.cirpacademia.orgedu/library5687437/diseaseAPOCRINE_CYSTADENOMA_A_REPORT_OF_TWO_CASES_OCCURRING_ON_THE_PREPUCE |title=Apocrine Cystadenoma: a report of two cases occurring on the prepuce |journal=Br J Dermatol |date=1969-12 |volume=81 |issue=12 |pages=899-901 |accessdate=2019-10-20}}</STDref> and sebaceous glands,<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Hyman |init=AB |last2=Brownstein |init2=MH |title=Tyson's "glands": ectopic sebaceous glands and papillomatosis penis |journal=Arch Dermatol |date=1969-01 |volume=99 |issue=1 |pages=31-36 |accessdate=2019-10-20}}</fleiss3/ Immunological functions ref><ref>{{REFjournal |last=Delbanco |init=E |title=Über das gehäufte Auftreten von freien Talgdrüsen an der Innenfläche des Präputiums |trans-title=About the increased occurrence of free sebaceous glands on the inner surface of the human prepuce] |language=German |journal=Monatshefte für praktische Dermatologie |date=1904 |volume=38 |pages=536-538 |accessdate=2019-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal |last=Piccinno |init=R |last2=Carrel |first2=Ch.-F. |init2=CF |last3=Menni |init3=S |etal=yes |title=sebacous glands mimicking molluscum contagiosum |journal=Acta Derm Venerol |date=1990 |volume=70 |pages=344-345}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal |last=Krompecher |first=St. ''Sex Trans Infect'' (London) |init=S |title=Die Histologie der Absonderung des Smegma praeputii |trans-title=Histology of allocation of a smegma praeputii |language=German |journal=Anatomischer Anzeiger |date=1932 |volume=75 |pages=170-176}}</ref>, Volume 74collectively secrete emollient lubricants.<ref name="parkash-jeykumar1973"/> Apocrine glands perform a crucial function by secreting enzymes such as lysosomal enzymes, Number 5cathepsin B, Pages 364-367chymotrypsin, October 1998and neutrophil elastase.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Frohlich |init=E |last2=Shamburg-Lever |init2=G |last3=Klesses |init3=C |title=Immunelectron microscopic localization of cathepsin B in human apocrine glands |journal=J Cutan Pathol |date=1993-02 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=54-60}}</ref>

In infancy, simple sugars in breast milk, like antibacterial oligosaccharides, are acquired from the mothers milk and excreted in urine. University studies have shown There is also some research to suggest that these substances cling to the mucosal lining of the inner foreskin and lysozyme may protect against urinary tract infections,[[HIV]] infection.<ref>Hanson LA, Karlsson B, Jalil F, ''et al''. Antiviral and antibacterial factors in human milk. In{{REFweb |first=George |last=Hill |author-link=George Hill |url=http: Hanson LA, ed//www. ''Biology of Human Milk''cirp. New York Raven Press; 1988. pp. 141-57<org/library/disease/HIV/ref> as well as infections in other parts of the body.<ref>Coppa GV, Gabrielli O, Giorgi P, Catassi C, Montanari MP, Veraldo PE, Nichols BL. Preliminary study of breast feeding and bacterial adhesion to uroepithelial cells. ''Lancet'' 1990 Mar 10;335(8689):569-71.<hill1/ref> Babies excrete in their urine about 300-500 milligrams |title=Summary of oligosaccharides each day. These compounds prevent virulent strains of Escherichia coli from adhering to the mucosal lining of the entire urinary tract, including evidence that the foreskin and glans. For these reasons breastlysozyme may protect against HIV infection |date=2003-milk is highly efficacious at preventing UTI.<ref>Gothefors L, Olling S, Winberg J. Breastfeeding and biological properties of faecal E. coli strains. ''Acta Paediatr Scand'' 1975 Nov;54(6):80709-12.</ref> Rigorous study's have repeatedly demonstrated that breast feeding protects against urinary tract infections.<ref>Mårild S. Breastfeeding and Urinary Tract Infections. ''Lancet'' 1990;336:942.</ref> <ref>Pisacane A, ''et al''. Breastfeeding and urinary tract infection. ''The Lancet'', July 7, 1990, p50 </ref> <ref>Pisacane A, Graziano L, Mazzarella G, ''et al''. Breast07 |accessdate=2019-feeding and urinary tract infection. ''J Pediatr'' 1992;120:8710-89.20}}</ref>Researchers have shown that premature foreskin retraction can expose the penis to hospital strains of Escherichia coli and can result in UTI.<ref>Winberg J ''et al''. The Prepuce: A Mistake of Nature? ''Lancet'' 1989, pp.598name="fleiss-hodges-99.<vanhowe1998" /ref> Hence the protective function of the foreskin is in the child's best interest especially during chemically treated diaper wearing years where feces mixed with urine can not only contaminate the permanently exposed urinary meatus but also the amputation wound from the circumcision surgery itself.

Apocrine glands also produce cytokine,<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Ahmed |init=AA |last2=Nordlind |init2=K |last3=Schultzberd |init3=M |last4=Liden |init4=S |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01105803 |title=Immunohistochemical localization of IL-1 alpha-, IL-1 beta-, IL-6- and TNF-alpha-like immunoreactivities in human apocrine glands |journal=Arch Dermatol Res |date=1995 |volume=287 |issue=8 |pages=764-766 |accessdate=2019-10-20}}</ref> which is a very important non-antibody protein that generates immune response when in contact with specific agents. Plasma cells which increase in number in response to pathogens levels, secrete immunoglobulin.<ref name="flower1983"/>It is also very important to note that women have [[Langerhans cells]] that are present in the [[foreskin]] produce ''Langerin'', a higher risk substance that has been proven to kill human immunodeficiency virus ([[HIV]]) on contact.<ref>{{DeWitte etal 2007}}</ref> All of UTIthese function to sequester and “digest” foreign pathogens. This is because the shorter urethra offers less protection via All these substances play an important role in protecting the penis from viral and bacterial pathogens. The immunological function functions of the urethra's mucosal lininghuman prepuce have been extensively documented by respected researchers for quite some time.<ref name="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998" /> [[Breastfeeding]] provides additional protection against [[urinary tract infection]]. By the same observation we see that the tubular tip  {{SEEALSO}}* [[Breastfeeding]]* [[Care of the foreskin intact, foreskinned boys]]* [[Circumcision and STDs]]* [[Circumcision and its mucosal lining act as an extension HIV]]* [[Development of the urethra, hence providing more of that same retractable foreskin]]* [[Foreskin]]* [[Foreskin sensitivity]]* [[Immunological protection via mucosa immunology and the adherence of antibacterial substances in breast milkbreastfeeding]]* [[Keratinization]]* [[Penis]]* [[Pheromone]]* [[Preputial sac]]* [[Smegma]]* [[Transudation]] {{LINKS}}* {{REFweb |url=http://www.intactaus. Understandably, removal org/information/functionsoftheforeskin/ |title=Functions of the foreskin destroys all this functionalityForeskin |last=Helard |first=Lou |author-link=Lou Helard |publisher=Intact Australia |website=http://www.intactaus.org |date=2014-08-01 |accessdate=2020-06-05}}