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Although circumcision promoter [[Abraham L. Wolbarst]] (1914} once claimed that the human [[foreskin]] was filthy and harbored disease and [[infection]],<ref name="wolbarst1914">{{Construction SiteREFjournal |last=Wolbarst |first=Abraham L. |init=AL |author-link=Abraham L. Wolbarst |title=Universal Circumcision as a Sanitary Measure |journal=JAMA |date=1914-1-10 |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=92-97 |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/453164 |accessdate=2022-08-11}}</ref> in reality the opposite is true. The [[foreskin]] is designed by nature to be self-cleaning and to provide significant natural '''immunological and protective function''' against all types of [[infection]], including [[HIV]].

Although it was once claimed that == The protective and hygienic function of the human foreskin was filthy == The [[foreskin]], like the eyelid, also serves an important protective and harbored disease hygienic function. The [[foreskin]] protects the delicate [[glans]] of the [[penis]] and infectionputs the [[urethra]] at a distance from its environment, in reality protecting it from foreign pathogens and contaminants of all kinds while simultaneously shielding the opposite is true[[penis]] from injury. The foreskin It is designed by nature a double fold of [[skin]] which offers two layers of protection to be self cleaning prevent [[keratinization]] and to provide significant natural immunological protection against all types of infectionmaintain sensitivity.

At birth, the [[foreskin]] is usually attached to the [[glans]] (head) of the [[penis]] by a [[synechia]], akin to how a fingernail is attached to a finger.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Deibert |init=GA |author-link= |title= The protective and hygienic function separation of the foreskin prepuce in the human penis |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/deibert/ |journal=Anatomical Record |date=1933-11 |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=387-9 |accessdate=2019-10-20}}</ref> The [[preputial sac]] is sealed by the synechia so it cannot be infected.

The In infancy, the foreskin's tubular neck (prepucial orifice) is often long and narrow while the [[Dartos]] sphincter muscle in the tip of the [[foreskin]]keeps its opening closed. This acts as an extension of the [[urethra]].<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Hunter |init=RH |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1249280/pdf/janat00534-0090.pdf |title=Notes on the development of the prepuce |journal=Journal of Anatomy |date=1935-10 |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=6875 |format=PDF |accessdate=2019-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal |last=Glenister |init=TW |url=https://bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1464-410X.1956.tb04763.x |title=A consideration of their process involved in the development of the prepuce in man |journal=Br J Urol |date=1956-09 |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=243-249}}</ref> Together, like these properties prevent the eyelid, also serves an important protective entry of pathogens and hygienic functioncontaminants. <ref name="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998">{{FleissP HodgesF VanHoweRS 1998}}</ref> The [[foreskin ]] protects the delicate glans of the infant [[glans penis]] from ammonia in diapers (nappies) and puts the urethra at prevents meatal ulcer and [[meatal stenosis]].<ref>{{GairdnerDM 1949}}</ref> <ref name="vanhowe2006">{{REFjournal |last=Van Howe |init=RS |author-link= |title=Incidence of meatal stenosis following neonatal circumcision in a distance form its environment, protecting it from foreign contaminants of all kinds while simultaneously shielding the penis from injuryprimary care setting |journal=Clin Pediatr (Phila) |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=49-54 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/000992280604500108?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed |quote= |pubmedID=16429216 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1177/000992280604500108 |date=2006-01 |accessdate=2020-01-09 |note=Jan-Feb 2006}}</ref> <ref>{{REFjournal |last=Upadhyay |init=V |author-link= |last2=Hammodat |init2=HM |author2-link= |last3=Pease |init3=PW |author3-link= |etal=no |title=Post circumcision meatal stenosis |trans-title= |language= |journal=N Z Med J |location= |date=1998-02-27 |volume=111 |issue=1060 |pages=57-8 |url=http://www. It is a double fold of skin which offers two layers of protectioncirp.org/library/complications/upadhyay1/ |quote= |pubmedID=9539919 |pubmedCID= |DOI= |accessdate=2020-01-10}}</ref>

Natural secretions of oil are achieved by sebaceous glands which are abound in the [[foreskin]]'s inner lining, these are not present in the [[glans penis]].<ref name="hyman-brownstein1969">{{REFjournal |last=Hyman |init=AB, |last2=Brownstein |init2=MH. [ |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/article-abstract/530842 |title=Tyson's "glands": ectopic sebaceous glands and papillomatosis penis]. '' |journal=Arch Dermatol''. |date=1969 Jan;-01 |volume=99( |issue=1): |pages=31-6.36 |accessdate=2019-10-20}}</ref> They are also present in the eye lid eyelid and perform the same function in both places. They secrete the oils necessary to keep the [[glans ]] surface soft, moist, smooth, warm, sensitive, and with a healthy glistening red or purple color. This moisturizer also maintains PH balance, and optimal cleanliness. This is required to keep the surface of the glans healthy and clean via the cleaning effects of mucous secretions. Again, this function is analogous to the eye lid. The [[glans penis ]] is meant to be an internal organ covered and protected from the outside world.

In the genitally [[intact ]] [[penis ]] the [[urine ]] stream flushes out the [[urethra ]] and [[foreskin ]] of foreign microbes. In healthy individuals, [[urine ]] is sterile and has a disinfectant quality. Researchers have demonstrated that the swirling action of [[urine ]] as it rushes through the [[foreskin ]] flushes it out effortlessly and naturally.<ref name="parkash-jeykumar1973">{{REFjournal |last=Parkash |init=S, |last2=Jeykumar |init2=S, |last3=Subramanyan |init3=K, |last4=Chaudhuri |init4=S. [ |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/parkash/ |title=Human subpreputial collection: its nature and formation]. '' |journal=J Urol''. |date=1973 Aug -08 |volume=110( |issue=2): |pages=211-2.212 |accessdate=2019-10-20}}</ref>

Though [[urine ]] passes through the [[foreskin ]] every day, the inner foreskin is remarkably free of urea — a by-product of liver metabolism that is secreted in [[urine]]. Studies demonstrate that washings from the foreskin are rich in fructose, acid phosphatase, and mucin, but never urea. It appears that the secretions of [[seminal vesicles]], prostate, and urethral [[urethra]]l mucous glands, collectively or individually, keep the foreskin clear and clean as well.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Parkash |init=S. |title=Penis: some facts and fancies. '' |journal=Journal of Physician's Association 0f of Madras'' June |date=1982: -06 |pages=1-13.</ref>At birth, the foreskin is usually attached to the glans(head) of the penis, akin to how a fingernail is attached to a finger.<ref>Diebert GA. [http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/deibert/ The separation of the prepuce in the human penis]. ''Anatomical Record''. 1993 Nov;57(4):387-99.}}</ref>

In infancy The idea that the foreskin's tubular neck (prepucial orifice) is often long "dirty" or "unclean" is a scientifically unfounded superstition. The [[intact]] [[penis]] is naturally clean and narrow while the sphincter muscle in the tip maintains a level of the foreskin keeps its opening closed. This acts as an extension of the urethra.<ref>Hunter RH. hygiene that is optimal when compared to a [[penis]] that has been altered by [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1249280/pdf/janat00534-0090.pdf Notes on the development of the prepucecircumcision]]. ''Journal of Anatomy''. 1935 Oct;70(1):6875.</ref> <ref>Glenister TW. A consideration of their process involved in the development of the prepuce in man. ''Br J Urol''. 1956 Sep;28(3):243name="fleiss-hodges-9.<vanhowe1998" /ref> Together, these properties prevent the entry of contaminants.

In comparison, due to the open wounds and raw [[bleeding]] flesh in a diaper, the [[circumcised]] [[penis]] needs much more care after [[circumcision]]. The idea that the foreskin surgically externalized [[glans]] is "dirtyrather then clean because of constant exposure to dirt, abrasion, pathogens, and contaminants.<ref name=" or vanhowe1997"unclean" is a scientifically unfounded superstition>{{REFjournal |last=Van Howe |init=RS |author-link=Robert Van Howe |url=https://bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1464-410X.1997.00467. The intact penis is naturally clean x |title=Variability in penile appearance and maintains penile findings: a level of hygiene that is optimal when compared prospective study |journal=Br J Urol |date=1997 |volume=80 |pages=776-782 |DOI=10.1046/j.1464-410X.1997.00467.x |accessdate=2019-10-20}}</ref> [[Circumcised]] boys are also found to be more likely to a penis that has been altered by circumcisiondevelop [[balanitis]], [[meatitis]], [[Skin bridge| coronal adhesions]], and [[meatal stenosis]]. <ref name="vanhowe1997"/>

In comparisonAfter retraction commences, due to the open wounds excessive washing and raw bleeding flesh, the circumcised penis needs much more care after circumcision. The surgically externalized glans is dirty rather then clean because use of constant exposure to dirt, abrasion and contaminantssoap inside the [[foreskin]] should be avoided.<ref name="vanhowe1997birley1993">Van Howe RS. [{{REFjournal |last=Birley |init=HDL |author-link= |last2=Walker |init2=MM |author2-link= |last3=Luzzi |init3=GA |author3-link= |last4=Bell |init4=R |author4-link= |etal=yes |title=Clinical Features and management of recurrent balanitis; association with atopy and genital washing] |trans-title= |language= |journal=Genitourin Med |location= |date=1993-10 |volume=69 |issue=5 |pages=400-3 |url=https://onlinelibrarywww.wileyncbi.comnlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/doiPMC1195128/pdf/genitmed00029-0074.pdf |quote= |pubmedID=8244363 |pubmedCID=1195128 |DOI=10.10461136/jsti.1464-410X69.19975.00467.x Variability in penile appearance and penile findings: a prospective study]. ''Br J Urol'' 1997; 80: 776400 |accessdate=2021-03-82.20}}</ref> Circumcised boys are also found to be more likely to develop balanitis, meatitis, coronal adhesions and meatal stenosis.<ref name="vanhowe1997" />

The foreskin's inner fold and the [[glans ]] of the [[penis ]] are comprised of [[Preputial mucosa|mucous membrane ]] tissue. These are also present in your eyes, mouth, and all other bodily orifices including the female genitals. These are the first line of immunological defensive defense for the body's orifices. These mucous membranes perform many immunological and hygienic functions.  Certain components such as [[Langerhans cells]],<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Weiss |init=GN, |last2=Sanders |init2=M, |last3=Westbrook |init3=KC |url=http://www.circumstitions.com/Langerhans. html |title=The distribution and density of Langerhans cells in the human prepuce: site of diminished immune response? '' |journal=Isr J Med Sci'' |date=1993 Jan;-01 |volume=29( |issue=1); |pages=42-343 |accessdate=2019-10-20}}</ref> plasma cells,<ref name="flower1983" >{{REFjournal |last=Flower |init=PJ, |last2=Ladds |init2=PW, |last3=Thomas |init3=AD, |last4=Watson |init4=DL. [ |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/030098588302000206 |title=An immunopathologic study on the bovine prepuce]. '' |journal=Vet Pathol'' |date=1983 Mar;-03 |volume=20( |issue=2): |pages=189-201. |accessdate=2019-10-20}}</ref> apocrine glands,<ref> {{REFjournal |last=Ahmed |init=A, |last2=Jones |init2=AW. [ |url=https://www.academia.edu/5687437/APOCRINE_CYSTADENOMA_A_REPORT_OF_TWO_CASES_OCCURRING_ON_THE_PREPUCE |title=Apocrine Cystadenoma: a report of two cases occurring on the prepuce]. '' |journal=Br J Dermatol'' |date=1969 Dec; -12 |volume=81( |issue=12): |pages=899-901. |accessdate=2019-10-20}}</ref> and sebaceous glands,<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Hyman |init=AB, |last2=Brownstein |init2=MH. |title=Tyson's "glands": ectopic sebaceous glands and papillomatosis penis. '' |journal=Arch Dermatol'' |date=1969 Jan;-01 |volume=99( |issue=1): |pages=31-636 |accessdate=2019-10-20}}</ref> <ref>{{REFjournal |last=Delbanco |init=E. |title=Über das gehäufte Aufreten Auftreten von Talgdrusen freien Talgdrüsen an der Innerflähe Innenfläche des Präputium. ''Präputiums |trans-title=About the increased occurrence of free sebaceous glands on the inner surface of the prepuce |language=German |journal=Monatshefte für praktishe praktische Dermatologie'' |date=1904; |volume=38: |pages=536-8.538 |accessdate=2019-10-20}}</ref> <ref>{{REFjournal |last=Piccinno |init=R, |last2=Carrel C |first2=Ch.-F, . |init2=CF |last3=Menni |init3=S. ''et al''. |etal=yes |title=sebacous glands mimicking molluscum contagiosum '' |journal=Acta Derm Venerol'' |date=1990; |volume=70: |pages=344-5.345}}</ref> <ref>{{REFjournal |last=Krompecher |first=St. |init=S |title=Die Histologie der Absonderung fur des Smegma Praeputi. ''praeputii |trans-title=Histology of allocation of a smegma praeputii |language=German |journal=Anatomischer Anzeiger'' |date=1932; |volume=75: |pages=170-76.176}}</ref>, collectively secrete emollient lubricants.<ref name="parkash-jeykumar1973" /> Apocrine glands perform a crucial function by secreting enzymes such as lysosomal enzymes, cathepsin B, chymotrypsin, and neutrophil elastase.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Frohlich |init=E |last2=Shamburg-Lever |init2=G, |last3=Klesses |init3=C. |title=Immunelectron microscopic localization of cathepsin B in human apocrine glands. '' |journal=J Cutan Pathol'' |date=1993 Feb;-02 |volume=20( |issue=1): |pages=54-60}}</ref>  There is also some research to suggest that lysozyme may protect against [[HIV]] infection.<ref>{{REFweb |first=George |last=Hill |author-link=George Hill |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/HIV/hill1/ |title=Summary of evidence that the foreskin and lysozyme may protect against HIV infection |date=2003-09-07 |accessdate=2019-10-20}}</ref> <ref name="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998" />

There is Apocrine glands also some research to suggest that lysozyme may protect against HIV infection.produce cytokine,<ref>George Hill. [http{{REFjournal |last=Ahmed |init=AA |last2=Nordlind |init2=K |last3=Schultzberd |init3=M |last4=Liden |init4=S |url=https://wwwlink.cirpspringer.orgcom/libraryarticle/disease10.1007%2FBF01105803 |title=Immunohistochemical localization of IL-1 alpha-, IL-1 beta-, IL-6- and TNF-alpha-like immunoreactivities in human apocrine glands |journal=Arch Dermatol Res |date=1995 |volume=287 |issue=8 |pages=764-766 |accessdate=2019-10-20}}</HIVref> which is a very important non-antibody protein that generates immune response when in contact with specific agents. Plasma cells which increase in number in response to pathogens levels, secrete immunoglobulin.<ref name="flower1983"/hill1/ Summary of evidence >It is also very important to note that [[Langerhans cells]] that are present in the [[foreskin and lysozyme may protect against ]] produce ''Langerin'', a substance that has been proven to kill human immunodeficiency virus ([[HIV infection]]) on contact. 7 September 2003.<ref>{{DeWitte etal 2007}}</ref>

Apocrine glands also produce cytokine,<ref>Ahmed AA, Nordlind K, Schultzberd M, Liden S. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01105803 Immunohistochemical localization All of IL-1 alpha-, IL-1 beta-, IL-6- these function to sequester and TNF-alpha-like immunoreactivities in human apocrine glands]“digest” foreign pathogens. ''Arch Dermatol Res''. 1995;287(8):764-6.</ref> which is a very All these substances play an important non-antibody protein that generates immune response when role in contact with specific agentsprotecting the penis from viral and bacterial pathogens. Plasma cells which increase in number in response to pathogens levels, secrete immunoglobulinThe immunological functions of the human prepuce have been extensively documented by respected researchers for quite some time.<ref name="flower1983" />It is also very important to note that Langerhans cells that are present in the foreskin produce ''Langerin'', a substance that has been proven to kill human immunodefiency viris (HIV) on contact.<ref> de Witte L, Nabatov A, Pion M, ''et al''. [http://www.cirp.org/news/healthday2007fleiss-03hodges-05vanhowe1998" / Langerin is a natural barrier to HIV-1 transmission by Langerhans cells]. ''Nat Med'' 2007 Mar;13(3):367-71.</ref>

All of these function to sequester and “digest” foreign pathogens. All these substances play an important role in protecting the penis from viral and bacterial pathogens. The immunological functions of the human prepuce have been extensively documented by respected researchers for quite some time.<ref>Fleiss PM, Hodges FM, Van Howe RS. [http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/STD/fleiss3/ Immunological functions of the human prepuce[Breastfeeding]] provides additional protection against [[urinary tract infection]]. ''Sex Trans Infect'' (London), Volume 74, Number 5, Pages 364-367, October 1998.</ref>

<!--In infancy, simple sugars in breast milk, like antibacterial oligosaccharides, are acquired from the mother's milk and excreted in urine. University studies have shown that these substances cling to the mucosal lining {{SEEALSO}}* [[Breastfeeding]]* [[Care of the inner foreskin and protect against urinary tract infectionsintact,<ref>Hanson LA, Karlsson B, Jalil F, ''et al''. Antiviral foreskinned boys]]* [[Circumcision and antibacterial factors in human milk. In: Hanson LA, ed. ''Biology of Human Milk''. New York Raven Press; 1988. pp. 141-57</ref> as well as infections in other parts of the body.<ref>Coppa GV, Gabrielli O, Giorgi P, Catassi C, Montanari MP, Veraldo PE, Nichols BL. Preliminary study of breast feeding STDs]]* [[Circumcision and bacterial adhesion to uroepithelial cells. ''Lancet'' 1990 Mar 10;335(8689):569-71.</ref> Babies excrete in their urine about 300-500 milligrams of oligosaccharides each day. These compounds prevent virulent strains of ''Escherichia coli'' from adhering to the mucosal lining HIV]]* [[Development of the entire urinary tract, including the retractable foreskin and glans. For these reasons breast-milk is highly efficacious at preventing UTI.<ref>Gothefors L, Olling S, Winberg J. Breastfeeding and biological properties ]]* [[Foreskin]]* [[Foreskin sensitivity]]* [[Immunological protection of faecal ''E. coli'' strains. ''Acta Paediatr Scand'' 1975 Nov;54(6):807-12.</ref> Rigorous studies have repeatedly demonstrated that breast feeding protects against urinary tract infections.<ref>Mårild S. Breastfeeding and Urinary Tract Infections. ''Lancet'' 1990;336:942.</ref> <ref>Pisacane A, ''et al''. Breastfeeding and urinary tract infection. ''The Lancet'', July 7, 1990, p50 </ref> <ref>Pisacane A, Graziano L, Mazzarella G, ''et al''. Breast-feeding and urinary tract infection. ''J Pediatr'' 1992;120:87-89.</ref>breastfeeding]]* [[Keratinization]]* [[Penis]]* [[Pheromone]]* [[Preputial sac]]* [[Smegma]]Researchers have shown that premature foreskin retraction can expose the penis to hospital strains of Escherichia coli and can result in UTI.<ref>Winberg J ''et al''. The prepuce: A mistake of nature? ''Lancet'' 1989, pp.598-99.</ref> Hence the protective function of the foreskin is in the child's best interest, especially during chemically treated diaper wearing years where feces mixed with urine can not only contaminate the permanently exposed urinary meatus but also the amputation wound from the circumcision surgery itself.* [[Transudation]]

It is important to note that women have a higher risk of UTI{{LINKS}}* {{REFweb |url=http://www. This is because the shorter urethra offers less protection via the immunological function of the urethra's mucosal liningintactaus. By the same observation we see that the tubular tip org/information/functionsoftheforeskin/ |title=Functions of the foreskin and its mucosal lining act as an extension of the urethra, hence providing more of that same protection via mucosa immunology and the adherence of antibacterial substances in breast milkForeskin |last=Helard |first=Lou |author-link=Lou Helard |publisher=Intact Australia |website=http://www. Understandably, removal of the foreskin destroys all this functionalityintactaus.org |date=2014-08-01 |accessdate=2020-06->05}}