22,208
edits
Changes
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
m
wikify Masturbation
| accessdate=2018-11-01
}}</ref>
Circumcision of the male, infibulation of the male foreskin, castration, clitoridectomy, circumcision proper of the female (removal or reduction of the clitoral hood), removal of the nymphae (labia minora), application of irritants to the genitals, enemas, hysterectomies. The purpose was to reduce excessive sexual desire and its manifestations, such as [[masturbation]], which were suspected to be the cause of many diseases.
Before the 19th century, circumcision existed only as a ritual for some cultures and religions. However, the belief that Jews were immune to [[masturbation ]] because of their circumcision, led to the inclusion of circumcision among the plethora of genital surgeries.
The late 19th century and early 20th century saw the first opponents of medical circumcision, such as Herbert Snow, Elizabeth Cromwell, first female MD<ref>{{REFbook
}}</ref>. Ironically, the prevalence of circumcision in the United States kept growing, with rare opposition.
Female genital mutilation never became prevalent, although its practice remained more or less hidden in different places as a punishment for [[masturbation]]. However, since the 1950s, medicine started targeting babies born with atypical genitalia or atypical reproductive organs (intersex) for non-consensual "normalization" surgeries and treatments, some of which have been compared to female genital mutilation. In general, these procedures are now referred to as Intersex Genital Mutilation (IGM) by the intersex community.
==Modern Intactivismintactivism ==
<div style="float:right;">[[File:Van Lewis 1970 CROP.jpg]]</div>