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[[File:Star of David.svg|thumb|200px|The Star of David (Hebrew ''magen david'') is one of the symbols of Judaism.]]'''Judaism''' is the religion and culture of the Jews. <ref name="kohler1906">{{REFjournal |last=Kehler |init=K |author-link= |last2= |init2= |author2-link= |url=https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9028-judaism#sts=JUDAISMIt%20is%20natural%20that%20divergent%20views%20upon%20so%20complex%20a%20subject%20should%20exist.%20The%20following%20article%20is%20frankly%20written%20from%20the%20standpoint%20of%20Reform%20Judaism.%20For%20a%20presentation%20of%20the%20more%20conservative%20aspect%20of%20the%20subject%20see%20Religion;%20Theology.%20(%E1%BC%B8%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%E1%BD%B8%CF%82): |title=Judaism |journal=Jewish Encyclopedia |date=1906 |volume= |issue= |pages= |accessdate=2022-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{REFweb |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Judaism |archived= |title=Judaism |trans-title= |language= |last= |first= |author-link= |publisher=Merriam-Webster |website= |date= |accessdate=2022-05-02 |format= |quote=}}</ref> Please note that not all Jews are religious but live the Jewish culture.

Judaism was developed in the middle east Middle East by the ancient Hebrews.<ref name="gaster">{{REFweb

Judaism is characterized by belief in one transcendent God who has revealed himself to Abraham, Moses, and the Hebrew prophets and by a religious life in accordance with Scriptures and rabbinic traditions.<ref name="gaster" />Rabbi Emeritus Kaughmann Kohler described Judaism as "the religion of joy, hope, and love."<ref name="kohler1906" />==Controversial practiceSymbol==The symbol of Judaism has historically held is the Star of David, which is a belief in the sosix-called [[Abrahamic covenant]] which purports to require that every newborn boy be [[Jewish circumcisionpointed star design.<ref>{{REFweb |circumcised on the eighth day of life]]url=https://symbolsarchive. This has now become controversial because com/star-of the certain intense [[pain]] suffered by the boy, because of the certain lifetime loss of [[foreskin#Physiological_functions-david-symbol-history-meaning/ |archived= |title=Star Of David Symbol – History And Meaning |trans-title= |language= |last=Rogador |first=Christine |author-link= |publisher=Symbols Archive |website= |date=2021-05-30 |accessdate=2022-05-01 | foreskin function]], and because of the violation of the child's [[human rights]].quote=}}</ref>

==SymbolControversial practice==The symbol of Judaism is has historically held a belief in the so-called [[Abrahamic covenant]] which purports to require that every newborn boy be [[Jewish circumcision|circumcised on the Star eighth day of David, which is a six-pointed star designlife]].<refname="hirsch1906">{{REFwebREFjournal |last=Hirsch |urlfirst=https://symbolsarchiveEmil G.com/star |init=EG |author-oflink= |last2=Kohler |first2=Kaufmann |init2= |author2-davidlink= |last3=Jacobs |first3=Joseph |init3= |author3-symbollink= |last4=Friedenwald |first4=Aaron |init4= |author4-historylink= |last5=Broydé |first5=Isaac |init5= |author5-meaning/link= |archivedetal=no |title=Star Of David Symbol – History And MeaningCircumcision

|lastjournal=RogadorJewish Encyclopedia |firstlocation=Christine |author-linkdate=1906 |season= |volume= |issue= |article= |publisherpage=Symbols Archive |websitepages= |dateurl=2021https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/3074-05berit-30milah |accessdatearchived=2022-05-01

|accessdate=2022-05-04}}</ref>This has now become controversial, because of [[Circumcision risks| surgical risks]], because of the certain intense [[pain]] and [[trauma]] suffered by the boy, because of the certain lifetime loss of [[foreskin#Physiological_functions| foreskin function]], and because of the violation of the child's [[human rights]].

The alleged Abrahamic covenant is found in the Pentateuch (Torah) book of Genesis, chapter 17. This has been Reform Jews in Germany stated questioning circumcision in 1843.<ref name="hirsch1906" /> Circumcision today is being questioned for several reasons.<ref>{{REFbook

}}</ref> The practice of circumcision conflicts with many other Jewish values. Moreover, [https://www.blueletterbible.org/Comm/stewart_don/faq/words-bible/question2-what-is-textual-criticism.cfm textual criticism] indicates that this chapter appears to be a later insertion into the text of this Hebrew book.<ref name="glick2005">{{REFbook |last=Glick |first=Leonard B. |init=LB |author-link=Leonard B. Glick |year=2005 |title=Marked in Your Flesh: Circumcision from Ancient Judea to Modern America |edition=1st |chapter=Chapter One |pages=15-18 |publisher={{UNI|Oxford University|Oxon}} Press |isbn=9780195176742 |accessdate=2022-05-08 |note=}}</ref>