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==Symbol==
The symbol of Judaism is the Star of David, which is a six-pointed star design.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://symbolsarchive.com/star-of-david-symbol-history-meaning/
|archived=
|title=Star Of David Symbol – History And Meaning
|trans-title=
|language=
|last=Rogador
|first=Christine
|author-link=
|publisher=Symbols Archive
|website=
|date=2021-05-30
|accessdate=2022-05-01
|quote=
}}</ref>
[[Bruchim]] was founded in 2021 Hirsch et al. (1906) state, "An uncircumcised Jew is a full Jew by [[Lisa Braver Moss]] and [[Rebecca Wald]] with a goal of making non-circumcision acceptable in American synagoguesbirth.<ref name="hirsch1906" />
Improve citation.
[[File:Star of David.svg|thumb|200px|The Star of David (Hebrew ''magen david'') is one of the symbols of Judaism.]]
'''Judaism''' is the religion and culture of the Jews.<ref name="kohler1906">{{REFjournal
|last=Kehler
==Beliefs==
Judaism is characterized by belief in one transcendent God who has revealed himself to Abraham, Moses, and the Hebrew prophets and by a religious life in accordance with Scriptures and rabbinic traditions.<ref name="gaster" /> Rabbi Emeritus Kaughmann Kohler described Judaism as "the religion of joy, hope, and love."<ref name="kohler1906" />==Symbol==The symbol of Judaism is the Star of David, which is a six-pointed star design.<ref>{{REFweb |url=https://symbolsarchive.com/star-of-david-symbol-history-meaning/ |archived= |title=Star Of David Symbol – History And Meaning |trans-title= |language= |last=Rogador |first=Christine |author-link= |publisher=Symbols Archive |website= |date=2021-05-30 |accessdate=2022-05-01 |quote=}}</ref>
==Religious officials==
}}</ref> while [[Mohel| mohels]] carry out the ritual circumcision called [[Brit Milah]] in accordance with the Abrahamic covenant.
==Controversial practice==
Judaism has historically held a belief in the so-called [[Abrahamic covenant]] which purports to require that every newborn boy be [[Jewish circumcision|circumcised on the eighth day of life]].<ref name="hirsch1906">{{REFjournal
|quote=
|accessdate=2022-05-04
}}</ref> This has now become controversial, because of [[Circumcision risks| surgical risks]], because of the certain intense [[pain]] and [[trauma]] suffered by the boy, because of the certain lifetime loss of [[foreskin#Physiological_functions| foreskin function]], and because of the violation of the child's [[human rights]].
==Questioning circumcision==
The alleged Abrahamic covenant is found in the Pentateuch (Torah) book of Genesis, chapter 17. Questioning of circumcision started Reform Jews in Germany stated questioning circumcision in 1843.<ref name="hirsch1906" /> Circumcision today is being questioned for several reasons.<ref>{{REFbook
|last=Goldman
|first=Ronald
|ISBN=978-0964489561
|accessdate=2022-05-01
}}</ref> The practice of circumcision conflicts with many other Jewish values. Moreover, [https://www.blueletterbible.org/Comm/stewart_don/faq/words-bible/question2-what-is-textual-criticism.cfm textual criticism] indicates that this chapter appears to be a later insertion into the text of this Hebrew book.<ref name="glick2005">{{REFbook |last=Glick |first=Leonard B. |init=LB |author-link=Leonard B. Glick |year=2005 |title=Marked in Your Flesh: Circumcision from Ancient Judea to Modern America |edition=1st |chapter=Chapter One |pages=15-18 |publisher={{UNI|Oxford University|Oxon}} Press |isbn=9780195176742 |accessdate=2022-05-08 |note=}}</ref>
A non-cutting alternative to [[Brit Milah]], usually called [[Brit Shalom]], is gaining in popularity.<ref name="ahituv2021">{{REFnews
}}</ref> [[Mark D. Reiss]], {{MD}}, has sponsored the [https://www.bruchim.online/inclusion-directory/ Mark D. Reiss, M.D. Inclusion Directory], where more information on Brit Shalom may be found.
Wine (1988) argued that the medical aspects (surgical excision of functional penile tissue) should be separated from the naming ceremony.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://sherwinwine.com/bibliography/
|title=Bibliography
|last=Wine
|first=
|init=ST
|author-link=Sherwin T. Wine
|publisher=Sherwin T. Wine
|date=2022
|accessdate=2024-02-11
}}</ref>
There appears to be increasing sentiment for reform of ritual circumcision practice with several organizations, such as [[Society for Humanistic Judaism]], [[Association of Humanistic Rabbis]], and [[Ritualwell]] proposing changes. [[Bruchim]] was founded in 2021 by [[Lisa Braver Moss]] and [[Rebecca Wald]] with a goal of making [[Foreskinned| non-circumcision]] acceptable in American synagogues.
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Beyond the Bris]]
* [[Circumcision and violence]]
* [[Jewish medical ethics]]
* [[Jews Against Circumcision (J.A.C.)]]
* [[Metzitzah b'peh]]
{{LINKS}}
* [[Moshe Rothenberg]]. [https://pool.intactiwiki.org/images/Rothenberg.pdf Ending Circumcision In the Jewish Community?] Presented at The Second International Symposium on Circumcision, San Francisco, California, April 30-May 3, 1991.
* {{REFjournal
|last=Goodman
|date=
|accessdate=2022-05-04
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://www.jewfaq.org/
|title=Judaism 101
|last=Rich
|first=Tracy
|init=
|publisher=Tracy R. Rich
|date=1995
|accessdate=2024-02-12
}}
{{ABBR}}
[[Category:History]]
[[Category:Rabbi]]
[[Category:Antisemitism]]
[[de:Judentum]]