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The U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIAID, FIC, NIHCD, NCI) funded the three major RCTs being used by the [[WHO]] to endorse circumcision as [[HIV ]] prevention<ref name='DOC%252525252525252525252525252525202008'>{{REFwebQuoteREFweb | quote=...funding from the United States National Institutes of Health to conduct randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in Africa. | last= | first= | publisher=[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision(D.O.C.)]] | yeardate=2008 | urltitletitle=The Use of Male Circumcision to Prevent HIV Infection | url=http://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/info/HIVStatement.html | accessdate=2011-03-05}}</ref>. They continue to fund further "research" and promotion of circumcision as [[HIV ]] prevention in Africa.

The NIH funded the three major RCTs being used by the [[WHO ]] to endorse [[circumcision ]] as [[HIV ]] prevention: One in Orange Farm, South Africa under the supervision of French circumcision proponent [[Bertran Auvert]]<ref>{{RCT Auvert B, Taljaard D, Lagarde E, Sobngwi-Tambekou J, Sitta R, et al. (2005) Randomized, controlled intervention trial of male circumcision for reduction of HIV infection risk: The ANRS 1265 trial. PLoS Med 2:e298. [http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020298 Full Text]}}</ref>, one in Kenya under the supervision of North American circumcision proponent [[Robert C. Bailey]] and [[Stephen Moses]]<ref>{{RCT Bailey RC, Moses S, Parker CBet al 2007}}</ref>, and one in Uganda under the supervision of North American circumcision proponent [[Ronald H. Gray]]<ref>{{RCT Gray et al 2007}}</ref>. Green et al. Male circumcision for HIV prevention (2008), in young men in Kisumua preliminary report, Kenya: published a randomised controlled triallong list of methodological issues with the RCTs.<ref name="green2008">{{REFjournal |last=Green |first=Lawrence W. Lancet 2007;369:643 |init=LW |author-link= |last2=McAllister |first2=Ryan S. |init2=RS |author2-link=Ryan McAllister |last3=Peterson |first3=Kent W. |init3=KW |author3-link= |last4=Travis |first4=John W. |init4=JW |author4-56link=John W. [Travis |etal=no |title=Male circumcision is not the HIV ‘vaccine’ we have been waiting for! |trans-title= |language= |journal=Future HIV Therapy |location= |date=2008 |volume=2 |issue=3 |article= |page= |pages=193-9 |url=http://www.thelancetfuturemedicine.com/journalsdoi/lancetfull/article10.2217/17469600.2.3.193 |archived= |quote= |pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.2217/PIIS014017469600.2.3.193 |accessdate=2022-673611-04}}</ref> [[Gregory J. Boyle|Boyle]] & [[George Hill|Hill]] (072011)60312studied their reports and found disabling methodological and statistical errors that invalidated their purported findings.<ref name="boyle-2/abstract Abstract]hill2011">{{BoyleGJ HillG 2011}}</ref>, and one in Uganda under the supervision of North American circumcision proponent  [[Robert S. Van Howe|Van Howe]] & [[Ronald HGregory J. GrayBoyle|Boyle]](2018) further elaborated on these findings and suggested possible coordination between the RCTs and hinted at the possibility of fraud.<refname= "vanhowe2018">Gray RH{{REFjournal |last=Van Howe |first=Robert S. |init=RS |author-link=Robert S. Van Howe |last2=Boyle |first2=Gregory J. |init2=GJ |author2-link=Gregory J. Boyle |etal=no |title=Meta-analysis of HIV-acquisition studies incomplete and unstable |journal=BJU Int |location= |date=2018-10-31 |volume= |issue= |pages= |url=https://www.bjuinternational. Kigozi Gcom/letters/meta-analysis-circumcision-incomplete-unstable/ |archived= |quote=Given the effectiveness of condoms, the lack of consistent findings on national levels, the methodologically flawed RCTs, the lack of translational research, Serwadda Dand the impressive potential uptake and effectiveness of pre-exposure prophylaxis, et al. Male circumcision for as an intervention to prevent HIV prevention in men in Rakai, Uganda: a randomised trialinfection should be treated with greater scepticism. Lancet 2007;369:557 |pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI= |accessdate=2022-11-66.04}}</ref>.

The NIH fund other projects for the "research" and promotion of circumcision, such as the Center for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, who in turn are collaborating with the {{UNI|University of Alabama, at Birmingham |UAB}} to conduct a "study" an the "Feasibility, Acceptability, and Safety of Neonatal Male Circumcision in Lusaka, Zambia."

| Title=When inquired about their involvement, an intactivist received this response | Text=This is in response to your email dated June 30, 2010, to Dr. Francis S. Collins, M.D.{{MD}}, Ph.D.{{PhD}}, Director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), concerning clinical trial #NCT01115335l, “Feasibility, Acceptability, and Safety of Neonatal Male Circumcision in Lusaka, Zambia,” and the premise upon which it was designed. That is, that circumcision prevents the transmission of [[HIV ]] infection. Your email has been forwarded to the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), the NIH component with primary responsibility for research on [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]].

The World Health Organization/Joint United Nations Program on [[HIV]]/[[AIDS ]] has concluded that the research evidence that male circumcision is efficacious in reducing sexual transmission of [[HIV ]] from women to men is compelling, and that it has been proven beyond reasonable doubt. (http://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/2007/mc_recommendations_en.pdf) Their report and additional information is available on male circumcision for [[HIV ]] prevention at www.malecircumcision.org. This Web site/clearinghouse is a service of the World Health Organization (WHO), the Joint United Nations Programme on [[HIV]]/[[AIDS ]] (UNAIDS), the AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition (AVAC), and Family Health International (FHI).

You may also be interested to know that NIAID-supported research has found that medical circumcision can help heterosexual men significantly reduce their risk of acquiring two other sexually transmitted infections—herpes infections—[[herpes]] simplex virus type 2 (HSV2), the cause of genital [[herpes]], and human papillomavirus (HPV), which can cause penile and cervical cancer and genital warts. (see http://www.niaid.nih.gov/about/whoWeAre/Documents/scienceadvances2009.pdf).

As to the ethics of the Zambian study, we do not believe that it violates the basic [[human rights ]] of its participants. Parents must make choices for their children when they are unable to consent for themselves. Although there may be controversy over the question of whether parents can give proxy consent to non-therapeutic interventions, especially if they carry risks, there is no controversy over whether parents can give proxy consent to therapeutic interventions such as vaccines or appendectomies. The randomized clinical trial data provides assurance that male circumcision is therapeutic, unlike female circumcision. You may be interested in the position of the WHO which states that female circumcision can be very harmful and that there are not any health benefits derived from the procedure (http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs241/en/).

We can assure you that safeguards are in place for all NIH-supported research involving people. For instance, local committees--called Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) and Research Ethics Committees (RECs)--are required to review research to assure that the rights and welfare of study participants are protected. This review includes the equitable selection of participants, maintenance of privacy and confidentiality, minimizing coercion or undue influence, and ensuring appropriate safeguards in vulnerable participants. Committee members have knowledge of the local research context and cultural considerations. In addition, research is often conducted in adult populations to obtain safety data prior to acquiring data in vulnerable population such as children. In the case of Zambia, the Zambian Ministry of Health (MOH) oversees research. It is the MOH’‘s role to consider the ethical and public health implications of research studies within their purview. As such, the Zambian MOH is responsible for approving and implementing the WHO recommendations regarding male circumcision for [[HIV ]] prevention in that country and have made the decision to do so. Since the Zambian Ministry of Health and the local IRB/REC have reviewed and approved the research study in question, the local ethical and public health issues, in their opinion, have been addressed.

We appreciate your concerns and hope that this information helps clarify the rationale for circumcision as an important component of [[HIV ]] prevention.

| Author= | Source=| lang=| before=| after=| Transcription=| Translation=

The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) is presently funding a five-year (2009-2013), $465,108 'study' entitled "[[HIV ]] PREVALENCE, SEXUAL BEHAVIOR, AND ATTITUDES TOWARD CIRCUMCISION AMONG COLOMBIA" (sic) with the stated aim of investigating "individual, social, and structural influences on [[HIV ]] risk and serostatus among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Bogota, Colombia...Moreover, it will evaluate the protection against [[HIV ]] afforded by [[circumcision ]] among MSM in Colombia"<ref>[{{REFweb |url=http://projectreporter.nih.gov/project_info_description.cfm?icde=0&aid=7495232 |title=Project Information 1R01HD057785-01A1]}}</ref>.

On the 10 June 2011, the OIG published its results from an audit of a contract between the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and the {{UNI|University of California |UCSF}} at San Francisco, which read in part:<ref>{{REFweb | last= | first= | yeardate=June 2011-06 | title=Appropriations Funding for National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Contract N01-AI-15416 With the {{UNI|University of California |UCSF}} at San Francisco Audit (A-03-10-03120) | url=http://oig.hhs.gov/oas/reports/region3/31003120.pdf | accessdate=2011-06-25

| Title= | Text=NIAID initially funded only $35.3 million of the $134.8 million Contract obligation with fiscal year 2001 appropriations. NIAID obligated a total of $99.5 million in violation of the bona fide needs rule: $19.5 million of fiscal year 2002 appropriated funds, $22.4 million of fiscal year 2003 appropriated funds, $23.4 million of fiscal year 2004 appropriated funds, $22.7 million of fiscal year 2005 appropriated funds, and $11.5 million of fiscal year 2006 appropriated funds. In addition, when it awarded a fiscal year 2007 Contract modification for nonseverable services, NIAID initially funded only $40.3 million of the $220.5 million contract obligation with fiscal year 2007 appropriations. Because the Contract was a nonseverable service contract, which represents a single undertaking and provides for a single outcome, NIAID was required to record the full amount of the Contract using fiscal year 2001 or fiscal year 2007 appropriated funds. By not doing so, NIAID potentially violated the Antideficiency Act. NIAID complied with the purpose requirements of appropriations statutes.

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On the 21 September 2011, the OIG published it's results from two separate audits of NIAID contracts with Avecia Biologics Limited and NexBio, Inc. The reports read in part:<ref>{{REFweb | last= | first= | yeardate=September 2011-09 | title=Appropriations Funding for National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Contract N01-AI-3-0052 With Avecia Biologics Limited | url=http://oig.hhs.gov/oas/reports/region3/31003117.pdf | accessdate=2011-10-09

| last= | first= | yeardate=September 2011-09 | title=Appropriations Funding for National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Contract HHSN266-2006-00015C With NexBio, Inc. | url=http://oig.hhs.gov/oas/reports/region3/31003119.pdf | accessdate=2011-10-09

| Title= | Text=Our review found that during fiscal years 2003 through 2009, NIH's National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) did not comply with the time and amount requirements specified in appropriations statutes in administering contract N01-AI-3-0052 (the Contract) with Avecia Biologics Limited.

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| Title= | Text=Our review found that during fiscal years 2006 through 2009, NIH's National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) did not comply with the time requirements and may not have complied with the amount requirements specified in appropriations statutes in administering contract HHSN266-2006-00015C (the Contract) with NexBio, Inc.

| Author= | Source=| lang=| before=| after=| Transcription=| Translation=

| last= | first= | yeardate=October 2011-10 | title=Appropriations Funding for National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Contract HHSN272-2008-00013C with the EMMES Corporation (A-03-10-03115) | url=http://oig.hhs.gov/oas/reports/region3/31003115.pdf | accessdate=2011-09-11

| Title= | Text=NIAID violated both the bona fide needs rule and the Antideficiency Act by obligating funds in advance of an appropriation. The initial contract action obligated fiscal year 2008 funds for a period of approximately 14 months (March 1, 2008, through April 30, 2009). Subsequent modifications obligated fiscal year 2008 and 2009 funds through May 31, 2011. Because the Contract was for severable services, NIAID should have obligated only those fiscal year 2008 funds needed for program year 1 and only those fiscal year 2009 funds needed for program year 2.

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| last= | first= | yeardate=September 2012-09 | title=Appropriations Funding for National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Contract HHSN266-2005-00022C With PPD Development, LP (Audit A-03-10-03118) | url=http://oig.hhs.gov/oas/reports/region3/31003118.pdf | accessdate=2012-09-26

| last= | first= | yeardate=September 2012-09 | title=Appropriations Funding for National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Contract N01-AI-30068 With PPD Development, LP (Audit A-03-10-03116) | url= http://oig.hhs.gov/oas/reports/region3/31003116.pdf | accessdate=2011-09-26

| Title= | Text=During fiscal years 2005 through 2008, NIH's National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) did not comply with the time and amount requirements specified in appropriations statutes in administering contract HHSN266-2005-00022C (the Contract) with PPD Development, LP. An agency may obligate appropriations for goods and services when (1) the purpose of the obligation or expenditure is authorized, (2) the obligation occurs within the time limits for which the appropriation is available, and (3) the obligation and expenditure are within the amounts provided by Congress. Federal statutes specify that a fiscal year appropriation may be obligated only to meet a legitimate, or bona fide, need arising in or continuing to exist in the appropriation's period of availability. The Antideficiency Act prohibits an agency from obligating or expending funds in advance of or in excess of an appropriation unless specifically authorized by law.

| Author= | Source=| lang=| before=| after=| Transcription=| Translation=

| Title= | Text=During fiscal years 2003 through 2008, NIH's National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) did not comply with the time and amount requirements specified in appropriations statutes in administering contract N01-AI-30068 (the Contract) with PPD Development, LP. An agency may obligate appropriations for goods and services when (1) the purpose of the obligation or expenditure is authorized, (2) the obligation occurs within the time limits for which the appropriation is available, and (3) the obligation and expenditure are within the amounts provided by Congress. Federal statutes specify that a fiscal year appropriation may be obligated only to meet a legitimate, or bona fide, need arising in or continuing to exist in the appropriation's period of availability. The Antideficiency Act prohibits an agency from obligating or expending funds in advance of or in excess of an appropriation unless specifically authorized by law.

| Author= | Source=| lang=| before=| after=| Transcription=| Translation=

On the 17 October 2011, the OIG published it's results from an audit of a contract between the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) and Westat, Inc., which read in part:<refname="A-03-10-03106">{{REFweb | last= | first= | yeardate=October 2011-10 | title=Appropriations Funding for Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Contract HHSN275-03-3345 With Westat, Inc. Audit (A-03-10-03106) | url=http://oig.hhs.gov/oas/reports/region3/31003106.pdf | accessdate=2011-11-20

| Title= | Text=Our review found that during fiscal years 2003 through 2007, NIH's Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) did not comply with the time and amount requirements specified in appropriations statutes in administering contract HHSN275-03-3345 (the Contract) with Westat, Inc. (Westat). An agency may obligate appropriations for goods and services when (1) the purpose of the obligation or expenditure is authorized, (2) the obligation occurs within the time limits for which the appropriation is available, and (3) the obligation and expenditure are within the amounts provided by Congress. Federal statutes specify that a fiscal year appropriation may be obligated only to meet a legitimate, or bona fide, need arising in or continuing to exist in the appropriation's period of availability. The Antideficiency Act prohibits an agency from obligating or expending funds in advance of or in excess of an appropriation unless specifically authorized by law.

We recommended that NICHD (1) deobligate $33.2 million of fiscal year 2004 funds and $33.3 million of fiscal year 2005 funds and return the canceled funds to the Treasury; (2) deobligate $33.5 million of fiscal year 2006 funds and $33.7 million of fiscal year 2007 funds; (3) record the remaining $133.7 million of the $164.7 million contract obligation against current fiscal year appropriations; (4) report an Antideficiency Act violation if sufficient current year appropriations are not available; and (5) report, in accordance with 31 U.S.C. � § 1554, the adjustment to the Contract using current fiscal year appropriations. NIH agreed that a bona fide needs violation had occurred and admitted violating the Antideficiency Act but disagreed with our characterization of the Contract as a nonseverable service contract. While the statement of work may contain severable elements, we maintain that, on balance, the Contract is nonseverable. | Author= | Source=| lang=| before=| after=| Transcription=| Translation=

Background information:<ref>{{REFweb | lastname= | first= | year=October 2011 | title=Appropriations Funding for Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Contract HHSN275-03-3345 With Westat, Inc. Audit ("A-03-10-03106) | url=http://oig.hhs.gov/oas/reports/region3/31003106.pdf | accessdate=2011-11-20}}<"/ref>

| Title= | Text=On November 1, 2002, NICHD awarded contract HHSN275-03-3345 (the Contract), totaling $164.7 million, to Westat, Inc. (Westat), in Rockville, Maryland. The Contract required Westat to establish an international pediatric and perinatal [[HIV ]] studies network-coordinating center to maintain, coordinate, and manage a network of clinical centers. These clinical centers, under subcontracts with Westat, conducted research on the treatment, prevention, diagnosis, epidemiology, and natural history of [[HIV ]] infection and disease in pediatric, adolescent, and maternal patient populations. | Author= | Source=| lang=| before=| after=| Transcription=| Translation=

| last= | first= | yeardate=October 2011-10 | title=Appropriations Funding for National Institute on Drug Abuse Contract HHSN271-2007-00009C with Charles River Laboratories, Inc. (A-03-10-03104) | url=http://oig.hhs.gov/oas/reports/region3/31003104.pdf | accessdate=2011-11-22

| Title=| Text=Our review found that during fiscal years 2007 through 2009, NIH's National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) did not comply with the time and amount requirements specified in appropriations statutes in administering contract HHSN271-2007-00009C (the Contract) with Charles River Laboratories, Inc.

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| last= | first= | yeardate=December 2011-12 | title=NIH Administration of the Clinical and Translational Science Awards Program (Report OEI-07-09-00300) | url=http://oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-07-09-00300.pdf | accessdate=2011-12-22

| Title= | Text=For all 38 Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA) cooperative agreements awarded from 2006 through 2008, CTSA program staff did not document awardees' progress in compliance with NIH policy.

| Author= | Source=| lang=| before=| after=| Transcription=| Translation=

== Weird Science science == 

| last=NIH | first= | yeardate=August 2012-08 | title=NIH video reveals the science behind yoga | url=http://www.nih.gov/news/health/aug2012/nccam-01.htm | accessdate=2012-08-02

| Title= | Text=A video featuring research on how yoga works, the safety of yoga and whether yoga can help treat certain health problems is being released by the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

The video, available at http://nccam.nih.gov/video/yoga, highlights the work of two respected researchers in the field of yoga. George Salem, Ph.D.{{PhD}}, at the {{UNI|University of Southern California|USC}}, uses innovative technology to examine how older adults use their muscles and joints in certain yoga postures. Karen Sherman, Ph.D.{{PhD}}, M.P.H{{MPH}}, at Group Health Research Institute in Seattle, focuses on how yoga may be a beneficial complementary health practice for people with chronic low-back pain.

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 From a National [[HIV ]] Vaccine Awareness Day statement dated 18 May 2011 by [[Anthony Fauci| Anthony S. Fauci]], M.D.{{MD}}, Director of NIAID (emphasis added):<ref>{{REFweb | last=Anthony S. Fauci, M.D. Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institutes of Health | first= | yeardate=May 2011-05 | title=National HIV Vaccine Awareness Day May 18, 2011 Statement | url=http://www.niaid.nih.gov/news/newsreleases/2011/Pages/HVAD2011.aspx?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+aidsgovnews+%28AIDS.gov+News+and+Events%29 | accessdate=2011-06-25

| Title= | Text=To speed the pace at which promising [[HIV ]] vaccine candidates become viable for evaluation in large clinical trials, NIAID is exploring the use of innovative or adaptive clinical trial designs that let scientists quickly modify ongoing trials in response to data acquired during the study. Such flexibility in trial design will allow the research community to maximize efficiencies in studying vaccine candidates.

No matter how effective a preventive [[HIV ]] vaccine is, however, we will need to evaluate and administer it in combination with other biomedical and behavioral [[HIV ]] prevention tools. No single [[HIV ]] prevention strategy will control and ultimately end the [[HIV]]/[[AIDS ]] pandemic. That is why it is important for NIAID to continue supporting promising research on vaginal and rectal microbicides, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and expanded [[HIV ]] testing with linkage to care. That is also why public health workers will continue to advocate and implement scientifically proven [[HIV ]] prevention strategies such as condom use, medically supervised adult <strong>male circumcision</strong>, harm-reduction strategies for injection drug users and the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of [[HIV]]. | Author= | Source=| lang=| before=| after=| Transcription=| Translation=

[[Category:InstitutionsInstitution]] 

[[Category:Construction SiteFrom CircLeaks]]