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Pain
,→Standard of care
|date=2010-05-27
|accessdate=2021-07-11
}}</ref> Circumcision excises the highly functional foreskin, which provides numerous protective, immunological, sensory, and sexual functions,<ref name="cold1999">{{ColdCJ TaylorJR 1999}}</ref> so it is an irreversible, lasting injury. Non-therapeutic circumcision of male minors is ''not'' the standard of care.Bellini (2022) considered that the pain of neonatal circumcision "can have long term consequences for the developing child."<ref name="bellini2022 />
Nevertheless, some non-therapeutic circumcisions of boys will continue to be performed for religious reasons, ethnic reasons, and the[[Adamant father syndrome| emotional needs of parents]]. When a circumcision is to be performed, the standard of care requires that analgesia be provided to reduce the extreme level of pain and trauma.<ref name="poland1987"/><ref name="cps1996"/><ref name="lander1997"/><ref name="aap1999"/> (Total anesthesia cannot be used with infants.)