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Pain
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There is now substantial evidence that the extreme pain of infant circumcision causes [[Posttraumatic stress disorder| post -traumatic stress disorder]] ̪(PTSD). Preverbal memory starts to function before birth and continues to function in the newborn period,<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Hepper
|init=PG
* [[Circumstraint]]
* [[Does Cosmetic Surgery Harm Babies?]]
* [[Posttraumatic Post-traumatic stress disorder]]
* [[Psychological issues of male circumcision]]
* [[Shock]]
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1542/peds.108.3.793.
|accessdate=2020-11-17}}
* {{REFweb
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/
|quote=Circumcision is the most stressful surgical procedure commonly performed on newborns.
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=http://www.drmomma.org/2009/10/mri-studies-brain-permanently-altered.html
|quote=A neurologist who saw the results to postulated that the data indicated that circumcision affected most intensely the portions of the victim's brain associated with reasoning, perception and emotions. Follow up tests on the infant one day, one week and one month after the surgery indicated that the child's brain never returned to its baseline configuration. In other words, the evidence generated by this research indicated that the brain of the circumcised infant was permanently changed by the surgery.
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=http://www.circinfo.org/news_2018.html#babies
|quote=
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=http://www.circumstitions.com/Pain.html
|accessdate=2021-10-17
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://www.intactamerica.org/american-academy-of-pediatrics-end-the-pain/
|quote=
}}
* {{REFjournal
|last=Carpenter