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|volume=85
|pages=19-24
|pubmedID=8380060
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1093/jnci/85.1.19
|doi=
|accessdate=2023-09-07
}}</ref> Their study also shows that the rate of penile cancer among men [[circumcised]] neonatally has risen in the United States relative to the rise in the rate of neonatal circumcision.
|volume=32
|pages=15-21
|pubmedID=2991988
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|doi=
|accessdate=2023-09-07
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Kaufman
|volume=3
|pages=678-692
|pubmedID=3019599
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|doi=
|accessdate=2023-09-07
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=McCance
|volume=37
|pages=55-59
|pubmedID=3000954
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1002/ijc.2910370110
|doi=
|accessdate=2023-09-08
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Villa
|issue=6
|pages=853-5
|pubmedID=3000954
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|doi=
|accessdate=2023-09-08
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=McCance
|issue=823
|pages=195-206
|pubmedID=3011085
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1016/0304-419x(86)90002-8
|doi=
|accessdate=2023-09-08
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Barrasso
|issue=15
|pages=916-23
|pubmedID=3041217
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|doi=
|accessdate=2023-09-08
}}</ref> [[Ronald L. Poland| Poland]] identified human papilloma virus (HPV) types 16 and 18 as the cause of penile and cervical cancers in 1990, and that they could be spread by sexual contact.<ref name="poland1990">{{REFjournal
|last=Poland
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1056/NEJM199005033221811
|accessdate=2023-09-07
}}</ref> At least one study suggests that [[circumcised]] men are at higher risk for HPV infection,<ref name="cook1993">{{REFjournal
|last=Cook
|doi=
|accessdate=2023-09-07
}}</ref> making being [[circumcised]] a risk factor.
===Use of tobacco===
|issue=6609
|pages=1306-8
|pubmedID=3120988 |pubmedCID=1248379 |DOI=10.1136/bmj.295.6609.1306 |doi= |accessdate=2023-09-08}}</ref>The use of tobacco has since been a well established risk factor in cancer of the penis.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Harish
|init=K
|issue=3
|pages=375-377
|pubmedID=7735804
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1111/j.1464-410x.1995.tb07352.x
|doi=
|accessdate=2023-09-08
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Rogus
|issue=4
|pages=861-2
|pubmedID=3656549
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1016/s0022-5347(17)43402-1
|doi=
|accessdate=2023-09-08
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Maden
|date=1993-01-06
|pages=19-24
|pubmedID=8380060
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1093/jnci/85.1.19
|doi=
|accessdate=2023-09-08
}}</ref>
|issue=2
|pages=199-203
|pubmedID=2547727
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1002/ijc.2910440202
|doi=
|accessdate=2023-09-08
}}</ref>
===Circumcision as a risk factor===
|issue=7264
|pages=792-3
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|doi=
|accessdate=2022-03-13
}}</ref> Adult males with a non-retractable [[foreskin]] who are sexually active may want to have the phimotic condition corrected. (For conservative treatment options, see [[phimosis]].)