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[[File:Phimosis.jpg|thumb|An erect penis with a case of phimosis]]
'''Phimosis''' (''fɪˈmoʊsɨs'' or ''faɪˈmoʊsɨs'', from the Greek ''phimos'' (φῑμός "muzzle"), is a condition of the [[penis]] where the [[foreskin]] cannot be fully retracted over the [[glans penis]].<ref>{{URLwikipedia|Phimosis|Phimosis|2019-09-25}}</ref> Phimosis is a condition, not a disease, so it does not threaten health. Men may elect to treat it. Some men live their entire lives with a non-retractile foreskin. [[Sex with phimosis| They are able to have sexual intercourse and father children]].
==Pathologic phimosis==
Pathologic phimosis is phimosis caused by lichen sclerosis et atrophicrus (LSA), formerly known as [[balanitis xerotica obliterans]] (BXO), on the [[foreskin]].<ref name="rickwood1980">{{REFjournal
}}</ref>
Some success has been shown with treatment by topical steroid cream, but other cases may be an indication for [[circumcision]].<ref name="rickwood1980" />See section on adult onset phimosis below.
==Physiologic phimosis==
Beaugé (1997) states that adult phimosis is caused by unusual methods of [[masturbation]] that fail to stretch the narrow foreskin of [[Foreskin#Foreskin_in_infancy_and_childhood| childhood]].<ref name="beauge1997">{{REFjournal
All may be conservatively treated without [[Adolescent and adult circumcision| circumcision]].<ref name='hill2012" />
=== Non-retractable foreskin of infancy and childhood ===
[[File:Oester.jpg|frame|Percentage of boys with fused foreskin by age according to Øster]]
Boys are almost always born with non-retractable [[foreskin]].<ref name="gairdner1949">{{GairdnerDM 1949}}</ref> The inner surface of the foreskin of a newborn baby is fused by a [[synechia]] to the surface of the glans penis so that is non-retractable.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Deibart
|init=GA
Non-retractile or tight foreskin is a condition, not a disease. It is not life threatening. One may elect to remain as one is, without treatment. Many men do not have an issue with non-retractile [[foreskin]].
Many men can have sex, father children, and live happily with a non-retractile foreskin.<refname="young">{{REFweb
|url=http://www.circumstitions.com/Restric/adult-non-retr.html#adult
|title=Adult non-retracting foreskin ("Phimosis")
* [[Regret men]]
* [[Sexual effects of circumcision]]
* [[Sex with phimosis]]
* [[Stretching]]
* [[Tissue expansion]]