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Boyle & Ramos (2019) studied boys in the Philippine Islands who had undergone medical circumcision and others who had suffered the traditional "''tuli''" circumcision. Of the boys who had a medical circumcision, 51 percent exhibited symptoms of PTSD. Of the boys who had a ''tuli'' circumcision, 69 percent exhibited symptoms of PTSD.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Boyle
|init=J |first=GregoryJ.
|author-link=
|last2=Ramos