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→Socio-effective processing: Adjust footnotes.
==Alexithymia==
Preliminary investigation has established an association between child circumcision and alexithymia and autism spectrum disorder. Association does ''not'' establish cause and effect. More investigation and research is needed.
Bollinger and Van Howe (2011) associate [[Alexithemia| alexithymia]] with the trauma of circumcision.<ref name="bollinger2011">{{REFjournal
}}</ref>
==Socio-effective processing==
Miani ''et al''. (2020) theorized that adult men "who underwent neonatal circumcision, compared to those who did not, will display alterations in socio-affective processing conforming to the fast life-history strategies, namely, decreased reliance on social environment and increased perceived stress and sexual activity."<ref name="miani2020">{{REFjournal
|last=Miani
|init=
|first=Allessando
|author-link=
|last2=Di Bernardo
|init2=
|first2=Gian Carlo
|author2-link=
|last3=Hǿjgaard
|init3=
|first3=Astrid Ditte
|author3-link=
|last4=Earp
|init4=
|first4=Brian D.
|author4-link=
|last5=Zack
|init5=
|first5=Paul D.
|author5-link=
|last6=Landau
|init6=
|first6=Anne M.
|author6-link=
|last7=Hoppe
|init7=
|first7=Jǿrgen
|author7-link=
|last8=Winterdahl
|init8=
|first8=Michael
|author8-link=
|etal=no
|title=Neonatal male circumcision is associated with altered adult socio-affective processing
|trans-title=
|language=English
|journal=Heliyon
|location=
|date=2020-11
|volume=6
|issue=11
|pages=e05566
|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844020324099?fbclid=IwAR2KTI5HKklEM0WFhVSIe99Vg_hL3nyidBnnc8FSJQu0vT9YCt26blN43rA
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=2020-11-29
}}</ref>
To test the theory, they surveyed American men. They studied "408 men circumcised within the first month of life and 211 non-circumcised men and
measured socio-affective behaviors and stress."<ref name="miani2020" />
The authors reported their "analysis shows differences between early circumcised and non-circumcised men in psychological measures of socio-affectivity and provides initial support for the hypothesis that this alteration stems from the most crucial neurodevelopmentally plastic period of an individual's life. They called for "replication of the current study with a larger sample size and better ability to control for socioeconomic variables."<ref name="miani2020" />
{{SEEALSO}}