Changes

September 2021 saw the publication of two huge population == Population-based studies on the relationship of [[circumcision]] and HIV infection:=={{Population-based studies}}==Two African surveys==The previously reported studies were from developed Western nations. Now we have information from Sub_Saharan Africa.

# Mayan et alFrench scientist [[Michel Garenne]], Ph.D. has published two reports in 2022 comparing the incidence of HIV infection in [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men. (2021) carried out  In his first report, Garenne presented the findings from a massive empirical study in Lesotho, the enclave in South Africa. He reported:<blockquote>In couple studies, the effect of circumcision and VMMC on HIV was not significant, with similar transmission from female to male and male to female. The study questions the male population amount of the province effort and money spent on VMMC in Lesotho.<ref name="garenne2022A">{{REFjournal |last=Garenne |first=Michel |init=M |author-link=Michel Garenne |title=Changing relationships between HIV prevalence and circumcision in Lesotho |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35373731/ |date=2022-04-04 |journal=J Biosoc Sci |volume=online ahead of Ontarioprint |pages=1-16 |DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000153 |pubmedID=35373731 |accessdate=2022-10-31}}</ref> </blockquote>  In his second report, [[Canada]] Garenne (2022) presented information from six Sub-Saharan African nations (569Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi,950 males)Namibia, of whom 203Zambia,588 (35Zimbabwe).7%) were He reported:<blockquote> "Results matched earlier observations made in South Africa that [[circumcised]] between 1991 and 2017. The study concluded that circumcision status is not related to risk [[intact]] men had similar levels of HIV infection."<ref name="mayan2021garenne2022B">{{REFjournal |last=MayanGarenne |first=MadhurMichael

|title=Circumcision Age-incidence and Risk prevalence of HIV Among Males From Ontario, Canadaamong intact and circumcised men: an analysis of PHIA surveys in Southern Africa |trans-title= |language= |journal=J UrolBiosoc Sci |location= |date=20212022-10-0926 |season= |volume= |issue= |article= |page= |pages=1-2313 |url=https://www.auajournalscambridge.org/doicore/pdfjournals/10.1097journal-of-biosocial-science/article/abs/ageincidence-and-prevalence-of-hiv-among-intact-and-circumcised-men-an-analysis-of-phia-surveys-in-southern-africa/JU.0000000000002234CAA7E7BD5A9844F41C6B7CC3573B9E50 |archived= |quote=We found that circumcision was not independently associated with the risk of acquiring HIV among men from Ontario, Canada. |pubmedID=3455159336286328 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.10971017/JU.0000000000002234S0021932022000414 |accessdate=20212022-10-0231}}</ref># [[Morten Frisch]] & Jacob Simonsen (2021) carried out a large scale empirical population study in [[Denmark]] of 855,654 males regarding the alleged value of male circumcision in preventing HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in men. They found that [[circumcised]] men have a higher rate of STI and HIV infection overall than [[intact]] men.<ref name="frisch2021">{{FrischM SimonsenJ 2021}}</refblockquote> No association between lack of circumcision and risk of HIV infection was found by either study.