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The '''sexual effects of circumcision''' are the subject of some debate. Studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of circumcision (amputation of the [[foreskin]]) on sexual drive, erectile function, premature and delayed ejaculation, sexual satisfaction, sexual sensation and penile sensitivity. Studies have also assessed whether [[circumcision]] affects [[masturbation]] or other sexual practices, and the degree to which a heterosexual woman's experience of sex is affected by her partner's circumcision status. Cold & Taylor (1999) stated:<blockquote>The prepuce is primary, erogenous tissue necessary for normal sexual function.<ref name="cold-taylor1999">{{REFjournal |last=Cold |first=C.J. |author-link= |last2=Taylor |first2=J.R. |author2-link=John R. Taylor |title=The prepuce |journal=BJU Int |date=1999-01-01 |volume=83 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=34-44 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1034.x |quote= |pubmedID=1034941 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1034.x |accessdate=2020-01-04}}</ref>
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==History==
===In the beginning===
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== Penile sensitivity and sexual sensation ==
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=== Glans sensitivity ===
A number of studies have looked at the question of whether sensitivity of the glans is affected by circumcision.
Yang ''et al.'' (1998) concluded in their study into the innervation of the penile shaft and glans penis that: "The distinct pattern of innervation of the glans emphasizes the role of the glans as a sensory structure."<ref name="yang1998">{{REFjournal
|date=1996-02
|accessdate=
}}</ref><ref name="taylorcold1999cold-taylor1999">{{REFjournal |last=Taylor |first=J.R. |author-link=John R. Taylor |first2=C.J. |last2=Cold |title=The prepuce |journal=BJU |volume=83 |issue=Supplement 1 |pages=34-44 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/119091418/PDFSTART |quote= |pubmedID=10349413 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1034.x |date=1999-02 |accessdate=}}</ref> Opponents of circumcision have cited these studies, which report on the sensitivity or innervation of the foreskin, claiming a sexual role based upon the presence of nerve-endings in the foreskin sensitive to light touch, stroking and fluttering sensations.
Circumcision removes the [[Ridged band|ridged band]] at the end of the foreskin.<ref name="taylor1996" /> Taylor (1996) observed that the ridged band had more [[Meissner's corpuscle]]s — a kind of nerve ending that is concentrated in areas of greatest sensitivity — than the areas of the foreskin with smooth mucus membranes and a rich blood supply to serve the neurological tissue. Taylor (2000) postulated that the ridged band is sexually sensitive and plays a role in normal sexual function. He also suggested that the [[gliding action]], possible only when there was enough loose skin on the shaft of the penis, serves to stimulate the ridged band through contact with the corona of the [[glans penis]] during vaginal intercourse.<ref name="taylor2000">{{REFjournal
Laumann ''et al.'' (1997) reported that the likelihood of having difficulty in maintaining an erection was lower for circumcised men, but only at the 0.07 level (OR 0.66; 95% CI, 0.42-1.03).<ref name="Laumann1997"/>
== Ejaculatory function ==