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Add section on heterosexual effects of male circumcision.
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==Effect of circumcision on heterosexual relations==
As previously reported, the foreskin reduces the force required for penetration of the female partner's vagina by as much as ninety percent,<ref name="taves2002">{{REFjournal
|last=Taves
|first=D.
|author-link=
|title=The intromission function of the foreskin
|journal=Med Hypotheses
|date=2002
|volume=59
|issue=2
|pages=180
|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306987702002505
|quote=
|pubmedID=12208206
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1016/s0306-9877(02)00250-5
|accessdate=2020-01-04
}}</ref>, so the lack of the foreskin makes penetration more difficult. The gliding action of the foreskin reduces friction and abrasion, while conserving vaginal lubrication,<ref name="warren-bigelow1994">{{REFjournal
|last=Warren
|first=John
|author-link=John Warren
|last2=Bigelow
|first2=Jim
|author2-link=Jim Bigelow
|title=The case against circumcision
|journal=Brit J Sex Med
|date=1994-09
|volume=
|issue=
|pages=
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/warren2/
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=2020-01-04
}}</ref> so the lack of the foreskin in the circumcised partner renders the female experience less satisfactory.
In a first of its kind, O'Hara & O'Hara (1999) carried out a retrospective survey of 138 women with experience of both intact and circumcised partners. The women overwhelmingly concurred that the mechanics of coitus was different for the two groups of men. Of the women, 73% reported that circumcised men tend to thrust harder and deeper, using elongated strokes, while unaltered men by comparison tended to thrust more gently, to have shorter thrusts, and tended to be in contact with the mons pubis and clitoris more, according to 71% of the respondents. Women with intact partners had a higher rate of orgasms than women with circumcised partners. O'Hara & O'Hara concluded:
<blockquote>Clearly, the anatomically complete penis offers a more rewarding experience for the female partner during coitus. While this study has some obvious methodological flaws, all the differences cannot be attributed to them. It is important that these findings be confirmed by a prospective study of a randomly selected population of women with experience with both types of men. It would be useful to examine the role of the foreskin in other sexual activities. Because these findings are of interest, the negative effect of circumcision on the sexual enjoyment of the female partner needs to be part of any discussions providing 'informed consent' before circumcision.<ref name="ohara1998">{{REFjournal
|last=O'Hara
|first=K
|author-link=
|last2=O'Hara
|first2=J
|author2-link=
|etal=no
|title=The effect of male circumcision on the sexual enjoyment of the female partner
|journal=BJU Int
|location=
|date=1999
|volume=83 Suppl 1
|issue=
|pages=79-84
|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1079.x
|quote=
|pubmedID=10349418
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1079.x
|accessdate=2019-10-22
}}</ref>
</blockquote>
Solinis & Yiannaki (2007) concluded; "[t]here was a decrease in couple’s sexual life after circumcision indicating that adult circumcision adversely affects sexual function in many men or/and their partners, possibly because of complications of surgery and loss of nerve endings."<ref name="solinis-yiannaki2005">{{REFjournal
|last=Solinis
|first=
|author-link=
|last2=Yiannaki
|first2=
|author2-link=
|etal=no
|title=Does circumcision improve couple's sex life?
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=Journal of Men's Health and Gender
|location=
|date=2007-09
|volume=4
|issue=3
|pages=361
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/sex_function/solinis2007/
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=2020-01-04
}}</ref>
Morten ''et al''. (2013) surveyed a very large group of men and women in Denmark. They concluded:
<blockquote>
"Circumcision was associated with frequent orgasm difficulties in Danish men and with a range of frequent sexual difficulties in women, notably orgasm difficulties, dyspareunia and a sense of incomplete sexual needs fulfilment."<ref name="morten-lindholm2013">{{REFjournal
|last=Frisch
|first=Morten
|author-link=
|last2=Lindholm
|first2=Morten
|author2-link=
|last3=Grønbæk
|first3=Morten
|author3-link=
|etal=no
|title=Male circumcision and sexual function in men and women: a survey-based, cross-sectional study in Denmark.
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=Int J Epidemiol.
|location=
|date=2013-10
|volume=40
|issue=5
|pages=1367
|url=https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/40/5/1367/658163
|quote=
|pubmedID=21672947
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1093/ije/dyr104
|accessdate=2020-01-04
}}</ref>
</blockquote>
{{SEEALSO}}