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|quote=Various studies have identified main drivers of the epidemic: multiple concurrent sexual partners, low levels of male circumcision, inconsistent use of condoms and long periods of premarital sexual activity.
|accessdate=2011-05-06
}}</ref> although other studies have shown that [[HIV]] transmission was more prevalent in the [[circumcised ]] population than it was in the [[intact ]] population.<ref>{{REFnews
|last=
|first=
|quote=...the goal... is to have people view male circumcision as one of several critical HIV prevention choices that men and their partners can make to live healthier lives and save their country.
|accessdate=2011-05-06
}}</ref> The Swaziland Soka Uncobe campaign focuses on encouraging women to encourage their partners to get [[circumcised]], and to support them through their 6-week abstinence period after the procedure.<ref>{{REFnews
|last=Mazzotta
|first=Meredith
|quote=...women will play an active and important role in supporting their partners to get circumcised, especially in terms of observing the six-week abstinence period following the procedure.
|accessdate=2011-05-06
}}</ref> It also engages companies to encourage and support their male employees to get [[circumcised]].<ref>{{REFnews
|last=Mazzotta
|first=Meredith
|date=2011-03-04
|publisher=Science Speaks: HIV & TB News
|quote=In late March, sugar cane companies will give their employees a few days of leave to get [[circumcised ]] and have some recovery time before beginning the annual harvest.
|accessdate=2011-05-06
}}</ref>
== Aid from the United States ==
Soka Uncobe is acting under scientific models developed by the U.S. government, which predict that a scale up of [[circumcision ]] in Swaziland "will prevent approximately 45 percent of new infections between now and 2025." According to the models, By 2025, the number of new infections each year is projected to be "reduced by more than 80 percent compared with what would have happened had no intervention occurred.<ref>{{REFnews
|last=Mazzotta
|first=Meredith
|quote=In March or April of 2010, the Swazi Cabinet approved the current plan, which the U.S. government agreed to support.
|accessdate=2011-05-06
}}</ref> Since then, U.S. government personnel have worked to align [[PEPFAR ]] resources in support of the national plan. The Government of Swaziland asked [[PEPFAR ]] to support the national [[Adolescent_and_adult_circumcision| male circumcision ]] plan as one of the "five pillars" of the Swaziland - — [[United States ]] PEPFAR Partnership Framework on [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]].<ref>{{REFnews
|last=Mazzotta
|first=Meredith
}}</ref>
In March 22, 2011, the U.S. government officially handed over a wide range of materials in support of the USDF’s efforts to combat [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]], which included 7 prefabricated medical facilities supporting the Soka Uncobe male circumcision campaign. In all, the materials handed over at the ceremony and those that will be arriving in the future are valued at over E 12.5 million. Representing the [[United States ]] Government were Charge d’Affaires Craig Cloud, joined by Dr. Anne Thomas of the U.S. Department of the Defense, and in a speech given by Cloud, it was noted that "if the Soka Uncobe campaign is successful in circumcising 152,000 men during 2011, it could prevent 88,000 people from getting infected with [[HIV]] and save the government and the people of Swaziland E 4.5 billion in medical treatment costs."<ref>{{REFnews
|last=Press Release
|first=
|quote=THE public has received the Male Circumcision campaign "Soka Uncobe" with mixed feelings as some people have come out to say the message was not clear.
|accessdate=2011-05-13
}}</ref> Advertisements promoting the campaign display four women, sending confusing messages, one being that once one was [[circumcised]], they would be able to "conquer" more women. Regarding the logo and the slogan "Soka Uncobe" itself, some have gotten the message that “one has conquered” and would not get [[HIV]] and [[AIDS]]. The greatest concern is that the message is promoting multiple concurrent partnerships.<ref>{{REFnews
|last=Ndlangamandla
|first=Nelsiwe
|accessdate=2011-05-13
}}</ref> According to Mndzebele, "When you tell people about condoms they would just tell you that they would circumcise and by then they would have conquered [[HIV]] [[AIDS]]."
==Circumcision does not prevent HIV infection==
=== Population-based studies ===
{{Population-based studies}}
===Two African surveys===
The previously reported studies were from developed Western nations. Now we have information from Sub_Saharan Africa.
French scientist [[Michel Garenne]], Ph.D. has published two reports in 2022 comparing the incidence of HIV infection in [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men.
In his first report, Garenne presented the findings from a study in Lesotho, the enclave in South Africa. He reported:
<blockquote>
In couple studies, the effect of circumcision and VMMC on HIV was not significant, with similar transmission from female to male and male to female. The study questions the amount of effort and money spent on VMMC in Lesotho.<ref name="garenne2022A">{{REFjournal
|last=Garenne
|first=Michel
|init=M
|author-link=Michel Garenne
|title=Changing relationships between HIV prevalence and circumcision in Lesotho
|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35373731/
|date=2022-04-04
|journal=J Biosoc Sci
|volume=online ahead of print
|pages=1-16
|DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000153
|pubmedID=35373731
|accessdate=2022-11-07
}}</ref>
</blockquote>
In his second report, Garenne (2022) presented information from six Sub-Saharan African nations (Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe). He reported:
<blockquote>
"Results matched earlier observations made in South Africa that [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men had similar levels of HIV infection."<ref name="garenne2022B">{{REFjournal
|last=Garenne
|first=Michael
|init=M
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=Age-incidence and prevalence of HIV among intact and circumcised men: an analysis of PHIA surveys in Southern Africa
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=J Biosoc Sci
|location=
|date=2022-10-26
|season=
|volume=
|issue=
|article=
|page=
|pages=1-13
|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-biosocial-science/article/abs/ageincidence-and-prevalence-of-hiv-among-intact-and-circumcised-men-an-analysis-of-phia-surveys-in-southern-africa/CAA7E7BD5A9844F41C6B7CC3573B9E50
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=36286328
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000414
|accessdate=2022-11-07
}}</ref></blockquote>
{{REF}}