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|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LUaGIc4GYLQ
|accessdate=2011-04-01
}}</ref> Stephen was the leader of the democratic socialist Ontario New Democratic Party for most of the 1970s. In the mid-1980s, he was appointed as [[Canada]]'s United Nations ambassador. He quit in 1988 and worked at various United Nations agencies during the 1990s. In the 2000s, he served a term as the United Nations' special envoy for [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]] in Africa, and head of [[UNAIDS]].<ref name='Ryerson 2010-09-14'>{{REFweb
|last=Toye
|first=Suelan
|ref=<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oFkVLJ9Ukts Lewis, S. (2010, February 02). ''Stephen lewis co-dir, aids free world.'']</ref>
}}
== Population-based studies ==
{{Population-based studies}}
==Two African surveys==
The previously reported studies were from developed Western nations. Now we have information from Sub_Saharan Africa.
French scientist [[Michel Garenne]], Ph.D. has published two reports in 2022 comparing the incidence of HIV infection in [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men.
In his first report, Garenne presented the findings from a study in Lesotho, the enclave in South Africa. He reported:
<blockquote>
In couple studies, the effect of circumcision and VMMC on HIV was not significant, with similar transmission from female to male and male to female. The study questions the amount of effort and money spent on VMMC in Lesotho.<ref name="garenne2022A">{{REFjournal
|last=Garenne
|first=Michel
|init=M
|author-link=Michel Garenne
|title=Changing relationships between HIV prevalence and circumcision in Lesotho
|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35373731/
|date=2022-04-04
|journal=J Biosoc Sci
|volume=online ahead of print
|pages=1-16
|DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000153
|pubmedID=35373731
|accessdate=2022-11-02
}}</ref>
</blockquote>
In his second report, Garenne (2022) presented information from six Sub-Saharan African nations (Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe). He reported:
<blockquote>
"Results matched earlier observations made in South Africa that [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men had similar levels of HIV infection."<ref name="garenne2022B">{{REFjournal
|last=Garenne
|first=Michael
|init=M
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=Age-incidence and prevalence of HIV among intact and circumcised men: an analysis of PHIA surveys in Southern Africa
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=J Biosoc Sci
|location=
|date=2022-10-26
|season=
|volume=
|issue=
|article=
|page=
|pages=1-13
|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-biosocial-science/article/abs/ageincidence-and-prevalence-of-hiv-among-intact-and-circumcised-men-an-analysis-of-phia-surveys-in-southern-africa/CAA7E7BD5A9844F41C6B7CC3573B9E50
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=36286328
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000414
|accessdate=2022-11-02
}}</ref></blockquote>
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[UNAIDS]] -- — Stephen was former head of [[UNAIDS]]* [[WHO|World Health Organization]] -- — The WHO is heavily influenced by [[UNAIDS]]* [[Paula Donovan]] -- — Benefactor of Stephen Lewis. Worked at [[UNICEF]], promotes infant circumcision.* [[UNICEF]] -- — Paula Donovan of [[UNICEF]] is a benefactor of Lewis.* [[Bill Clinton]] -- — Friend and Benefactor of Lewis.
* [[Circumcision and HIV]]