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}}</ref> Celsus was not himself a doctor, so it is possible that ''On Medicine'' (which was once part of a much larger encyclopedia) is a translation of an earlier Greek text.
Surgical foreskin reconstruction has remained largely unchanged since Celsus first described the procedure 2000 years ago. An incision is made around the base of the [[penis ]] and the penile shaft is denuded (in other words, the [[skin]] is peeled off), leaving the [[shaft skin]] attached only beneath the [[glans penis]]. This [[skin]] is then pulled forward to replicate a [[foreskin]]. To tighten the new foreskin and improve its contour, a wedge-shaped section may be removed and the opening sutured shut. [[Skin]] is then harvested from the scrotum and grafted onto the [[penis ]] to patch the missing [[shaft skin]]. This is performed as a series of three operations, followed by several sessions of electrolysis to kill the hair follicles in the grafted [[scrotal skin]].
Celsus described two methods, the above method mostly for children with naturally short [[foreskin]], and a different method for patients [[circumcised ]] after the customs of certain races.
Both methods suggest a significant risk or complications and postoperative failure given the technological possibilities of the time.
According to the literature, there were Polish doctors who devised hasty, crude surgical techniques to help Jews in occupied areas of Europe avoid detection. Some of these procedures were surprisingly reminiscent of those described by Celsus nearly 2000 years earlier. There is no evidence that any of these methods was continued after the collapse of the Nazi regime.<ref name="schultheiss1998" />
Feriz performed several operations on [[circumcised ]] patients in occupied Holland. After a circumferential incision at the base of the [[penis ]] the [[penile skin]] was pulled over the [[glans]], forming the new [[prepuce]]. The proximal [[skin]] defect was then covered by burying the [[penis ]] under a tunnel of ventral [[scrotal skin]]. In a second stage operation about 10 days later he mobilized the [[penis ]] and closed the new [[skin]] layer at the underside of the [[penis]]. The scrotal defect was easily closed in all cases. In his publication from 1962, Feriz reported no complications, and all of his patients were satisfied with the postoperative result; none of them requested a reversal of the surgery after the war.<ref name="schultheiss1998" />
In 1965, Tushnet reported three different procedures to restore the [[prepuce]] depending on the age of the patient, the remaining preputial [[skin]], and the skill of the surgeon.<ref name="tushmet1965">{{REFjournal
== Modern foreskin restoration ==
Since the 1970s a new movement of [[foreskin restoration]] has emerged mainly in the [[United States]] not originating from social, religious, or political demands. With non-therapeutic male infant [[circumcision ]] being well established in America, more and more adult [[circumcised]] males are disturbed by the fact that the shape and function of their body had been altered after birth. Their main complaint is the loss of function; the prepuce is not just seen as a part of the human [[skin]] but referred to as a [[Foreskin#Sensory_functions| sensory organ]] of the body.<ref name="sorrells2007">{{Sorrells etal 2007}}</ref> [[Circumcision ]] results in a lack of this organ and furthermore in a decrease of lubrication and sensibility of the [[glans ]] because of increasing [[keratinization ]] of the epithelium. Others are disturbed by the outer appearance of their [[circumcised ]] [[penis ]] and want to regain the natural status of a covered [[glans]] for physical and emotional wholeness and aesthetic body imaging. Some are additionally irritated by the feeling of being mutilated as an infant without the chance to have a free choice of their genital status. A high percentage of these patients even resent their parents, doctors, or culture for their [[circumcision]].<ref name="schultheiss1998"/><ref name="watson2017">{{REFjournal
|last=Watson
|first=Lindsay R.
In 1963 Penn from Johannesburg, after performing a proximal circular incision and pulling forward the [[penile skin]] to form a new [[prepuce]], covered the denuded shaft with a "free graft", not indicating from where he took this graft.<ref name="penn1963" />
An American medical doctor had a surgical reconstruction of his [[foreskin ]] performed in the 1970s. He recently released a NSFW report on his surgical foreskin restoration.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Hmguuseuh0qyQjzc3WkbHvr9Qf3o99TN/view
|title=Was It Worth All My Extra Effort?
}}</ref> A pedicled island scrotal flap was used for the same purpose by Lynch and Pryor in a one-stage procedure in 1993.
Toronto plastic surgeon Dr Robert H Stubbs performed a surgical restoration in a two-stage procedure in [[Canada]].<ref>{{REFnews
|title=BC man's foreskin op a success
|url=https://www.nationalreviewofmedicine.com/issue/2006/06_30/3_patients_practice01_12.html
==The jump to non-surgical methods ==
While reviewing the results of the implanted-ring procedure, an engineer living in the Pacific Northwest hit upon the idea of using tape to hold the [[skin]] in place over the [[glans]]. His intent was to avoid both the surgery needed to have the platinum ring implanted and the unsightly fibrous band it left. This simple idea was circulated among a small network of men who had been sharing whatever information they could find on [[foreskin restoration ]] as well as their ideas and experimentation. As a result, in 1982, [[BUFF]] (Brothers United for Future Foreskins) was born.<ref name="bigelow1994" />
Despite the possible complications of surgery and the inevitable presence of scars, the main disadvantage seems to be the different color and texture of the original [[penile skin]] and the graft. This outcome may not be what the patient had expected; therefore, most foreskin restoration seekers nowadays prefer [[Tissue expansion|skin expansion]] systems, which avoid these problems.
}}</ref>
[Note: It is thought that this surgical procedure was developed to meet the unusual requirements of Jainist monks. It is said that they must remain nude but keep the glans penis completely covered by foreskin. It is not thought to be suitable for others.]
{{SEEALSO}}
[[Category:History]]
[[Category:Foreskin restoration]]
[[Category:India]]
[[Category:USA]]
[[Category:From IntactWiki]]